美国总统林肯面部极端不对称
Lincoln may have had facial defect艺术家、雕塑家和摄影师都知道美国总统林肯的脸有很英俊的一面。现在，科学也证实了这一点。
Artists， sculptors and photographers knew Abraham Lincoln's face had a good side． Now it's confirmed by science。
新研究称：科学家对林肯的两个石膏活人面模进行了激光扫描，发现这位第十六届美国总统的面部异常不对称。
Laserscans of two life masks， made from plaster casts（1） of Lincoln's face，reveal the 16th president's unusual degree of facial asymmetry（2），according to a new study。
林肯左脸比右脸小很多，是一种被称为“头颅面部短小”的生理异常。除此之外，现代医生对林肯诊断后还发现他患有天花、心脏病和抑郁症。
The left side of Lincoln’s face was much smaller than the right， anGetWord（"aberration"）；（3） called cranial（4） facial microsomia。 The defect joins a long list of ailments — including smallpox（5）， heart illness and depression — that modern doctors have diagnosed in Lincoln。
当时林肯身边的人发现，有时候当他的左眼向上看的时候，右眼却可以丝毫不动，现在我们称这种情况为斜视。此项研究的主研究人Ronald Fishman博士说：林肯左眼眶比右眼眶小，可能导致控制眼部垂直运动的Lincoln’s contemporaries（6） noted his left eye at times drifted upward independently of his right eye， a condition now termed GetWord（"strabismus"）；（7）。 Lincoln’s smaller left eye socket（8） may have displaced a muscle controlling vertical movement， said Dr。 RonaldFishman， who led the study。
严重斜视会导致复视，可以依赖当今医学手术痊愈。
Severe strabismus leads to double vision and can be treated today by surgery。
退休华盛顿眼科专家、历史迷Fishman说：“林肯只是偶尔产生复视，对他影响不大。”
Lincolnnoticed double vision only occasionally and it did not bother him agreat deal，" said Fishman， a retired Washington， D．C．，ophthalmologist（9） and history buff（10）。
Fishman说大多数人的脸都有不同程度不对称，但是林肯的特别严重，他的左眉骨比右眉骨圆、窄、靠后。
Most people’s faces are asymmetrical， Fishman said， but Lincoln's case was extreme， with the bony ridge over his left eye rounder and thinner thanthe right side， and set backward。
总统山雕刻者Gutzon Borglum形容林肯的左脸像原始人，非常不成熟，未发育完全。
Mount Rushmore sculptor Gutzon Borglum described the left side of Lincoln's face as primitive， immature and unfinished。
虽然林肯小时候被马磕过头，但是激光扫描未能发现这一撞击对他面部的不平衡造成任何影响。
When Lincoln was a boy， he was kicked in the head by a horse。 Laser scans can’t settle whether the kick or a developmental defect — or neither —contributed to Lincoln‘s lopsided（11） face， Fishman said。
这项扫描技术通常用于为兔唇或者腭裂儿童做手术前后三维制图。Fishman和德克萨斯奥斯汀的正牙医生Adriana DaSilveira博士合作完成此项研究。Adriana擅长治疗儿童面部缺陷，他们一起扫描了芝加哥历史博物馆中保存的一只青铜、一只塑料的林肯活人面具复制品。
The scanning technique is usually used to create 3－D images of children with cleft lip（12） and palate（13） before and after surgery。 Fishmanteamed up with Dr。 Adriana Da Silveira， an Austin， Texas，Get Word（"orthodontist"）；（14） who specializes in children with facial defects， to scan a bronze and a plaster copy of two life masks， owned by the Chicago History Museum。
林肯总统博物馆馆长James Cornelius说在十九世纪六世年代，活人面具是一种时尚。
Life masks were in vogue（15） in the 1860s， said James Cornelius， curator at the Lincoln Presidential Library。
林肯一共做过两个面具，第一个是1860年第一次总统竞选提名的时候，第二个是被刺杀前两个月的时候。Cornelius说林肯当时作面具多半出于政治目的，而不是为了让后人纪念。
Lincoln cooperated with sculptors to make them twice， in 1860 before his first presidential nomination， and in 1865， two months before his assassination。 Lincoln probably did it for political purposes more than posterity（16）， Cornelius said. |