Hawaiian Cowboys 夏威夷牛仔
by Rebecca Fratzke
Did you ever hear about the cowboys in Hawaii? Even though that sentence sounds like a joke, in reality, cowboys have been in Hawaii for over 200 years.
In the late 1700s, Captain George Vancouver explored the Sandwich Islands, _(1)_ would later be known as Hawaii. During that time, he met the Hawaiian ruler, Pai`ea Kamehameha. As a gift, Captain Vancouver gave Kamehameha five head of cattle. The cattle were allowed to roam freely and began to _(2)_ rapidly. Soon, the large population of cattle was causing damage everywhere. John Parker, a sailor who had settled on the islands, came to the rescue. _(3)_ not a cowboy, Parker was a loyal friend of Kamehameha's and was given permission to start a beef industry.
The Hawaiian cattle industry grew slowly until Kamehameha's grandson visited California and invited Mexican cowboys to the islands in 1832. These cowboys taught the Hawaiian herders important skills and better techniques for _(4)_ cattle. Because of them, herders in Hawaii were transformed _(5)_ excellent cowboys. They even became known as the most daring cowboys of all.
Since then, the cowboy scene _(6)_ in Hawaii. Cattle ranches, like the Parker Ranch, still offer locals and tourists a chance to see cowboys _(7)_. Hawaiian cowboys have also won top awards at prestigious rodeos, events where cowboys compete and show their skills. These cowboys have proven they're definitely no joke.
1. (A) where (B) that (C) which (D) it
2. (A) wither (B) divide (C) shrink (D) multiply
3. (A) Though (B) But (C) No matter (D) Regardless
4. (A) rising (B) raising (C) arousing (D) erasing
5. (A) onto (B) into (C) with (D) over
6. (A) thrives (B) is to thrive (C) has been thriving (D) will thrive
7. (A) in action (B) at large (C) by accident (D) on purpose
原来如此
1. ...Captain George Vancouver explored the Sandwich Islands, which would later be known as Hawaii.
理由:
a. (A) where 是关系副词，其所引导的形容词子句只用来修饰表地方的名词，且 where 引导的形容词子句中必须有主词及动词，但空格后是动词词组，没有主词，故 (A) 不可选。
b. (B) that 可视为关系代名词，用来取代 who 或 which，然使用时其前不可加逗点，故 (B) 不可选。
c. (C) which 是关系代名词，用以代替其前的名词，可作为所引导形容词子句中的主词。which 和先行词之间若无逗点隔开，表示限定修饰；若有逗点，则是非限定修饰。在本句中，Sandwich Islands 是专有名词，不需要限定，故填入 (C) 后，语意及文法皆正确，可知为正选。
d. (D) it 是代名词，不具备连接词性质，填入本空格后，会造成逗点前后两个完整子句无连接词连接的错误句构，且 Sandwich Islands 是复数名词，代名词不可用 it，故 (D) 亦不可选。
2. The cattle were allowed to roam freely and began to multiply rapidly.
理由:
a. (A) wither vi. 凋谢
(B) divide vi. & vt. 分开
(C) shrink vi. & vt. 缩小
(D) multiply vi. 增加；繁殖
例: Over the years, people have multiplied and now live everywhere on Earth.
（多年来人口繁衍，现在已经充斥整个地球。）
b. 空格后说众多的牛群开始四处破坏，可知牛群的数量是增加的，故根据语意，可知应选 (D)。
3. Though not a cowboy, Parker was a loyal friend...
理由:
a. 原句应为：
Though Parker was not a cowboy, Parker was a loyal friend...
由于副词连接词 though 之后的主词与主要子句之主词相同，因此可将 though 子句化简为副词词组，原则为：删除相同的主词 Parker，之后的 be 动词 was 变成现在分词 being，但 being 可省略。
例: Though (she is) the mother of two children, she still has a nice figure.
（虽然她是两个孩子的妈，但依旧有副好身材。）
b. but 为对等连接词，之后必须有主词和动词，然本空格后只有名词而无动词，故 (B) 不可选。
c. no matter 后须接 where、when、how、what 等疑问词，方可形成完整的副词连接词，表『不论……』。原句空格后无疑问词，故 (C) 不可选。
例: No matter where I went, my little sister followed me.
（不论我去哪里，我的小妹都跟着我。）
d. (D) regardless 须与介词 of 并用，形成下列固定用法：
regardless of... 不论……
例: Regardless of age, everyone will have fun at this amusement park.
（不论老少，所有人都可以在这座游乐园玩得很开心。）
e. 根据上述，可知应选 (A)。
4. ...taught the Hawaiian herders important skills and better techniques for raising cattle.
理由:
a. (A) rise vi. 上升
三态为：rise, rose, risen。
例: As the sea level rises, more islands will disappear.
（随着海平面上升，将会有更多岛屿因而消失。）
(B) raise vt. 饲养；扶养
例: Mr. Smith raised four children by himself.
（史密斯先生独自扶养四名子女。）
(C) arouse vt. 激起
例: The issue aroused an intense debate between the two political parties.
（这个议题引起两个政党间激烈辩论。）
(D) erase vt. 抹去，擦掉
例: Could you please help me erase the blackboard?
（可以请你帮我擦黑板吗？）
b. 因空格后有受词 cattle（牛群），故空格内应该填入及物动词的现在分词，以作其前介词 for 的受词，故根据语意及用法，可知应选 (B)。
5. ...herders in Hawaii were transformed into excellent cowboys.
理由:
a. 本空格测试下列固定用法：
be transformed into... 被变成……
transform A into B 将 A 变成 B
例: The magician transformed the rabbit into a parrot.
（魔术师将兔子变成了鹦鹉。）
b. 根据上述，可知应选 (B)。
6. Since then, the cowboy scene has been thriving in Hawaii.
理由:
a. 本空格测试 since 搭配时态之用法：
since 作介词时，表『自从……』、『自……之后』，之后接明确的时间、名词、动名词或时间副词 then，形成副词词组，修饰完成（进行）式的主要子句。
例: Since graduating last year, Wendy has been traveling.
（自从去年毕业后，温迪就一直到处旅行。）
b. 空格前有副词词组 Since then（从那时起），故根据上述，可知应选 (C) has been thriving。
c. thrive vi. 兴盛，蓬勃发展
例: During the Renaissance, science and art thrived in Europe.
（文艺复兴时期，科学和艺术在欧洲蓬勃发展。）
7. Cattle ranches...still offer locals and tourists a chance to see cowboys in action.
理由:
a. (A) in action 在运转∕进行中
例: At the race, I saw great professional drivers in action.
（在那场赛车中，我看到了不起的专业车手大展身手。）
(B) at large 逍遥法外，在逃的
例: The criminal was still at large three days after he escaped from prison.
（越狱三天后，那名罪犯仍然在逃。）
(C) by accident 意外地
= accidentally adv.
例: I said sorry to the man after I stepped on his toes by accident.
（我不小心踩到那个人的脚趾时，跟他说了声对不起。）
(D) on purpose 故意地
= deliberately adv.
例: I didn't knock over the vase on purpose. It was an accident.
（我不是故意撞倒那个花瓶，这是个意外。）
b. 根据语意，可知应选 (A)。
精解字词词组
1. in reality 事实上（= in fact）
例: I thought I had arrived at my destination. In reality, I was still an hour away.
（我以为自己已经到达目的地。事实上，还有一个小时才会到。）
2. be known as + 身分 以……（身分）知名
be known for sth 以……（事物）闻名
例: Sir Edmund Hillary is known as the first person to reach the summit of Mt. Everest.
（埃德蒙‧西拉瑞爵士以首位登上圣母峰的人闻名。）
例: This restaurant is known for making the best pizza in the whole city.
（这家餐厅以制作全市最好吃的比萨闻名。）
3. damage n. 损害，伤害
do damage to... 对……造成损害∕伤害
例: Ethan's harsh words did great damage to his girlfriend's confidence.
（伊森尖锐的话语对女友的信心造成很大的伤害。）
4. settle vi. 定居；安顿
settle down 安顿下来
例: Josh finally settled down after many years of fooling around.
（乔许游手好闲多年之后，终于安定下来。）
5. come to the rescue 前来解围
come/go to one's rescue 前来∕前去解救某人
例: The little boy almost drowned before the lifeguard came to his rescue.
（救生员前来解救他之前，那名小男孩差一点溺毙。）
6. permission n. 许可，允许
give sb permission to V 给某人做……的许可
例: The teacher gave Rose permission to go to the bathroom during the class.
（老师允许萝丝在课堂中去上厕所。）
7. invite vt. 邀请
invite sb to... 邀请某人到……
例: Thank you for inviting me to your wedding party.
（谢谢你邀请我参加你的婚礼。）
8. compete vi. 竞争
compete with sb for sth 为某事与某人竞争
例: Roger always competed with Sally for the honor of being the best student.
（罗杰总是和莎莉竞争最佳学生的荣誉。）
单字小铺
1. cowboy n. 牛仔
2. explore vt. 探索
3. head n. 头数（牛羊等的数量单位，单复数同形）
a head of cattle 一头牛
two head of cattle 两头牛
4. roam vi. 漫步
5. rapidly adv. 快速地
6. population n. 人口
注意:population 为集合名词，常用单数形，或与不定冠词 a 并用。
a large/small population 人口众多∕稀少
a population of 100,000 十万人口
7. loyal a. 忠心的，忠诚的
8. herder n. 牧人
9. technique n. 技巧
10. daring a. 大胆的，勇敢的
11. ranch n. 牧场
12. local n. 当地人 & a. 当地的
13. prestigious a. 富声望的
14. rodeo n. 牛仔竞技会（包括骑无鞍野马、用绳索套小牛等）
15. definitely adv. 绝对地
中文翻译＆标准答案
你听过夏威夷的牛仔吗？虽然这听起来像个笑话，事实上，牛仔在夏威夷已经有两百多年之久。
18世纪末期，乔治‧温哥华船长探险到桑威奇群岛，也就是后来为人所知的夏威夷。在那段期间，他遇到夏威夷首领卡米哈米哈。温哥华船长送给卡米哈米哈五头牛作为礼物。牛群可以随意到处乱走，并开始迅速繁衍。不久，为数众多的牛群便开始四处破坏。一名定居于此的水手约翰‧帕克解决了这个问题。虽然帕克不是牛仔，但他是卡米哈米哈的挚友，他获准开始从事牛肉产业。
夏威夷的牧牛业发展缓慢，直到卡米哈米哈的孙子造访加州，并在1832年邀请墨西哥牛仔到岛上才改观。这些牛仔教导夏威夷的牧牛者养牛的重要技术和更好的技巧。因为他们这些人，夏威夷的牧人变成优秀的牛仔。他们甚至以全美最有胆量的牛仔而闻名于世。
从那时起，夏威夷的牛仔圈便开始蓬勃发展。就像帕克牧场一样，很多牧场依旧提供当地人和观光客亲眼目睹牛仔工作的机会。夏威夷的牛仔也曾在颇富声誉的牛仔竞技会中得到首奖，所谓牛仔竞技会就是牛仔们彼此竞争，展现技巧的活动。这些牛仔证实了自己非同小可。
标准答案: 1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (B) 6. (C) 7. (A)
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