Only in the case of
the February Revolution do we lack
a useful description of participants
that might characterize it in the
(20) light of what social history has
taught us about the process of revolu-
tionary mobilization.
唯独在二月革命（the February Revolution）这一情形中，我们缺乏一种有用的有关参加者的描述，而这一描述则有可能按照社会历史有关革命动员过程所教给我们的内容来勾画出这场革命的性质。
Anthropologists
and others are on much firmer ground
(15) when they attempt to describe the
cultural norms for a small homogeneous
tribe or village than when they
undertake the formidable task of
discovering the norms that exist in a
(20) complex modern nation state composed
of many disparate groups.
当人类学家和其他人试图去描述一个小规模的同一性质（homogeneous）部落或村落的文化标准时，他们处在一种要坚实得多的基础上。相对而言，当他们着手从事这样一个艰巨的任务，即去揭示存在于一个复杂的、由许多彼此间毫无联系的群体所构成的现代单一民族的独立国家（nation-state）时，他们就具备一个同样坚实的基础。
It has
thus generally been by way of the
emphasis on oral literary creativity
(10) that these Chicano writers, whose
English language works are sometimes
uninspired, developed the powerful and
arresting language that characterized
their Spanish-language works.
因此，一般而言，正是通过对口头文学创造性的强调，这些奇卡诺作家——其英语作品时常显得缺乏灵感——才得以发展一种强有力的和富于吸引力的语言，并以此构成了他们西班牙语作品的特征。
To measure
them properly, monitoring equipment
would have to be laid out on a grid
(50) at intervals of at most 50 kilometers,
with sensors at each grid point
lowered deep in the ocean and kept
there for many months.
为了恰当地测量它们，监测设备必须被设置在一网络上，彼此的间距最多为五十公里，位于每个网点的感应器沉放至海洋深处，并在许多个月中一直固定在那里。
This
(15) declaration, which was echoed in the
text of the Fourteenth Amendment, was
designed primarily to counter the
Supreme Court’s ruling in Dred Scott v.
Sandford that Black people in the United
(20) States could be denied citizenship.
这一在第十四条修正案的文本中被复述的宣言，主要是旨在对抗最高法院在“Dred Scott诉Sandford”一案中的判决，此判决裁定，在美国的黑人可被剥夺公民权。
The broad language of the amendment
strongly suggests that its framers were
proposing to write into the Constitution
not a laundry list of specific civil
(35) rights but a principle of equal citizen-
ship that forbids organized society from
treating any individual as a member of
an inferior class.
第十四条修正案的宽泛笼统的语言强烈地暗示，其制定者所意欲载入宪法的不是一张具体民法的细目清单，而是一种平等公民权的原则，这一原则禁止有组织的社会将任何一个个人作为劣等阶层的成员来对待。
This doctrine has broadened
the application of the Fourteenth Amend-
ment to other, nonracial forms of
discrimination, for while some justices
(70) have refused to find, any legislative
classification other than race to be
constitutionally disfavored, most have
been receptive to arguments that at
least some nonracial discriminations.
(75) sexual Discrimination in particular,
are "suspect" and deserve this heightened
scrutiny by the courts.
所谓“怀疑分类”，意指那种在有可能被理解成以种族为基础，针对某一群体进行的歧视这一信条扩展了第十四条修正案的适用范围，使其同样也适用于其它的、非种族形式 的歧视。因为虽然某些法官拒不将除种族以外的立法分类裁定为非法的，但绝大多数法官已经接受了这样一个论点，即至少某些非种族性质的歧视，尤其是性别歧视，是“值得怀疑的”，并理应接受法庭这种更高程度上的审视。 |