RS: Weasels are small, nasty animals. Their reputation gives us slang expressions like "weasel words" -- language thats deceptive or evasive, or just simply does not say much.

AA: Ronald Walters has seen plenty of weasel words in thirty years of grading student papers. Hes a professor of American history at Johns Hopkins University, in Baltimore, Maryland. High on his list of words to avoid are phrases that could sound self-important, like "one might conclude" or "as it were" -- as in this recent example:

WALTERS: "One might conclude that we are in a depression, as it were, instead of were in a depression."RS: "Now do students use these words because thats the way they talk?"WALTERS: "I think they use them partly because they dont want to take too strong a stand and some of them they use because they want to sound important. So one might conclude that, I think, is just pretentious. They just want to sound like theyre writing in an academic style, even though thats not an academic style. Phrases like to a certain degree, in some cases, it may seem that, I think theyre just hedging."AA: "Isnt that what some of these hedge words are for, where you want to qualify and say, well in some case its this, and to a certain extent its that?"WALTERS: "Yeah, and I think its distinguishing those from the just-hedging-bets that makes them so insidious, because there are times when they do mean something and times when they dont mean anything. It must be tough for people coming to English to try to deal with language patterns that either mean nothing or may mean something at one point and not mean anything at another point."RS: "Well, how would a person who is learning English as a foreign language know to distinguish these words from any other words?"WALTERS: "That, I think, is hard, and its hard in other languages, too, and I think -- this is going to be a flip answer -- but I think, be relaxed about it and try to tune your ear to the context. So, does the speaker really mean in some cases, or does the speaker just not want to take a stand? Ill give you another example of what I have in mind thats really coming into the speech I hear among students and adults, and its coming into their writing too, and thats ending a sentence with and all or and such or and the like or and everything."AA: "For example, do you have a sentence there you can ... "WALTERS: "Yeah, this one I really loved -- she started dating boys and all. (laughter)"AA: "And all what?"WALTERS: "That was the question in my mind, I was interested in what else she was dating. But if your doctor walks into the room with a chart and says you have a problem with high blood pressure and all."RS: "And you go, what else?"WALTERS: "You really want to know whether it means something or doesnt mean something."AA: Professor Ronald Walters says he would give English learners who need help with writing the same advice he gives his history students:

WALTERS: "First, pay attention to the structure of what it is that you want to say, to the organization of it. Worry less about getting the perfect sentence and knowing more the order of the things that you want to say and the transitions between points. I also tell them to take a piece of non-fiction that they feel is well written and take maybe two to five pages, just take them apart, paragraph by paragraph. Pay attention to the topic sentence, the first sentence of each paragraph, and maybe even just read four or five pages just reading the first sentences. What theyll commonly find out is that you can tell an awful lot about what theyre reading just by doing that, because the authors are using the beginnings of paragraphs very clearly to state a main point. And that helps potential writers begin to think of paragraphs as units of analysis."RS: Ronald Walters at Johns Hopkins University once wrote a style guide with one of his students.

AA: We found it posted on the Internet. Just do a search for "weasel words" (thats W-E-A-S-E-L) and "Ronald Walters."RS: To find Avi and me, go to www.voanews.com/wordmaster. And our e-mail address is [email protected]. With Avi Arditti, Im Rosanne Skirble.

MUSIC: "Pop Goes the Weasel"/Disney Silly Songs