In 1978, the world's first "test tube baby", Louise Brown, was born in Oldham and District General Hospital in Manchester, England. After "in vitro fertilization" (IVF) treatment, Louise's mother had an embryo of her egg and her husband's sperm implanted in her womb after it had been fertilized in a laboratory. The technique was pioneered by gynaecologist Patrick Steptoe and physiologist Robert Edwards. Since Louise's birth, over 1,000,000 babies worldwide have been born as a result of IVF treatment.