美国国家公共电台 NPR For Many In Venezuela, Social Media Is A Matter Of Life And Death（在线收听）

RACHEL MARTIN, HOST:

President Trump uses the phrase fake news a lot to criticize media stories he doesn't like. There's something similar happening in Venezuela. Last week, the government said social media is exacerbating the spread of fake news against the regime. NPR's Jasmine Garsd reports.

JASMINE GARSD, BYLINE: Guillermo does not exist - on social media at least. He has a Facebook account, but he doesn't publicly use his real name. He doesn't have a profile picture, no location, and he never posts a single thing. He mostly logs in to read about sports.

GUILLERMO: (Speaking Spanish).

GARSD: Guillermo asks that his last name be withheld. He worries about his family. They're still in Venezuela. Over a million Venezuelans have left the country in the last two years, and he worries that if he posts anything indicating he might have money...

GUILLERMO: (Speaking Spanish).

GARSD: He says, "someone I know or who knows my family could kidnap them just because of a picture because they might think that I can pay a ransom of thousands of dollars." According to the U.S. Department of State, Venezuela is one of the most violent countries in the world. Guillermo says his friends living abroad are also very careful with social media. For him, social media is more danger than it's worth. But for a man named Javier Rojo in Caracas, it's a lifeline - literally. He's a pharmacist in a country with severe medicine shortages.

JAVIER ROJO: (Speaking Spanish).

GARSD: "There are shortages of everything," he says. "Insulin is especially needed." Rojo's pharmacy has a Twitter account, which he uses to announce what they don't have, medicines people desperately need. For him, social media is truly a matter of life and death. Like in one recent post, he retweets a diabetic who is urgently seeking insulin. We haven't had insulin for over a month, Rojo tweets out. In another, he retweets someone looking for methotrexate for arthritis. We don't have this, he announces. Please, retweet. On occasion, a medicine is found. A lot of times, the tweets are like messages in a bottle - no response, no follow-ups. Since he took over the account in February, the pharmacy has gone from a few dozen followers to nearly 30,000. One of the things that motivated him to get on Twitter was a phone call back in March.

ROJO: (Speaking Spanish).

GARSD: "A person called looking for an antidepressant, which they couldn't afford."

ROJO: (Speaking Spanish).

GARSD: "And the person responded, OK, I'm going to have to kill myself. And they hung up." Rojo says it devastated him and motivated him to double down on the pharmacy's Twitter account that he had recently started. Eric Farnsworth is a Venezuela expert. He says social media communication is critical in the country.

ERIC FARNSWORTH: In some ways, social media has been a lifeline for common Venezuelan citizens who don't have access to the normal newspapers or radio or television that they had been accustomed to when Venezuela was a democracy.

GARSD: Farnsworth is the vice president of the Council of the Americas, a think tank and business organization. He says social media can also be dangerous for many Venezuelans still living there.

FARNSWORTH: There is a real self-censorship now in Venezuela, which is to say people are very careful about what they say because you don't know who is listening, and you don't know who's hearing what you say to whom.

GARSD: In Venezuela but also here in the U.S., people like Guillermo, the guy who stays anonymous on Facebook for his family's safety. But back in Caracas, Javier Rojo says things are so bad...

ROJO: (Speaking Spanish).

GARSD: "What else could happen to us? What else?" Rojo suspects the government is already monitoring social media. He says you have to be careful, be subtle. Last month in between his posts about insulin and antibiotics, he tweeted about how sad it makes him to see people leaving Venezuela. It was written in all lower case. It would have been easy to miss the random letters he capitalized throughout the tweet - L-I-B-E-R-T-A-D - libertad - freedom. Jasmine Garsd, NPR News, New York.