时代周刊:前情报长官提醒大家警惕特朗普主义的危险性(2)（在线收听）

To talk about it, the men met TIME at the Watergate complex, where a 1972 break-in spawned the scandal that redefined the terms of governance.

为了讨论这一问题，两人同本刊记者在水门综合大厦见了面。1972年，情报部门曾闯入该大厦，以致丑闻爆发，民众对政府的管理方式另眼相看。

NEITHER MAN IS TAILOR-MADE for the job of restoring faith in truth and government.

然而，两人都不是为恢复民众对真相和政府的信心量身打造的角色。

For starters, some spies lie.

首先，某些间谍会撒谎。

And it was the discovery that America’s intelligence services had been exploiting secrets

美国情报部门一直在利用秘密谋取国家利益之外的利益，

for something other than the national good that fueled the crisis after Vietnam and Watergate.

正是这一发现导致了越南战争和水门事件后政府及情报部门公信力的崩塌。

Congressional investigators in the 1970s found that the CIA, NSA and FBI had been meddling in politics

上世纪70年代，国会调查人员发现，CIA、NSA和FBI为保护自身利益持续干预政治，

and breaking the law to protect the interests of their agencies and preferred political bosses, not the American people.

实施违法行为，而且，比起美国人民，他们更偏向于其政治领导。

In response, Congress created special committees to oversee the work of the intelligence community.

为此，国会成立了监督情报机构工作的专门委员会。

With the new constraints in place, Hayden says,

有了新的约束力，海登说，

“we took it as an article of faith that if we followed the (new rules), we are doing things that are legitimate within American political culture.”

“我们坚信，如果我们遵循了(新规则)，我们所做的事情就是符合美国政治文化的合法行为。”

The post-Watergate measures held up for decades.

水门事件后，恢复公信力的措施搁置了几十年。

There were crises, including the intelligence community’s failure to spot the 9/11 terrorists’ plot,

危机时有发生，例如，情报机构未能及时发现911恐怖分子的阴谋，

the faulty intelligence that contributed to the decision to go to war in Iraq

错误的情报导致政府作出了发动伊拉克战争的决定，

and the 2013 revelations by Edward Snowden of the government’s electronic-surveillance programs.

2013年，政府的电子监听计划被爱德华·斯诺登曝光。

But even as faith in the federal government declined, trust in the intelligence agencies remained relatively high.

然而，尽管联邦政府的公信力有所下降，民众对情报机构的信任度依然较高。

In 2015, faith in the CIA was still about 60%, according to Pew, and in the NSA about 52%.

皮尤研究中心的数据显示，2015年，民众对CIA的信任度仍在60%左右，对NSA的信任度约为52%。

A year later, public confidence in the CIA had plummeted to 33%, according to an NBC/ Wall Street Journal poll.

一年后，全国广播公司(NBC)和《华尔街日报》合作展开的一项民调显示，公众对CIA的信任度已经暴跌至33%。

Congress and the spies point fingers at each other over who is to blame.

国会和间谍们互相指责，均认为是对方的过错。

Hayden says the outcry that followed Snowden’s revelations showed that public support for American spies was already eroding.

海登表示，斯诺登泄密事件后，民众发出了强烈抗议，表明公众对美国间谍的支持已经开始滑坡。

“What I discovered,” Hayden says, “is that the post-Watergate structure for gaining legitimacy from the American people was no longer adequate.”

“我发现，”海登说，“水门事件后，从美国民众中间获取正统地位的资格已经不再充分。”

The programs Snowden revealed had been approved by the congressional committees, Clapper and Hayden agree.

克拉珀和海登一致认为，斯诺登曝光的监听计划得到了国会委员会的批准。

What had changed, says Hayden, was “a growing unwillingness of the American people to outsource this oversight and validation to their elected representatives.”

海登还说，不一样的是，“美国民众越来越不愿意将这种监督和验证的工作委托给他们遴选出的代表了。”

Americans, he says, no longer trusted Congress to keep the spies in check.

他说，美国民众已经不相信国会还能约束那些间谍。

Congressional critics see things differently.

国会批评人士则持不同看法。

They argue that the extraordinary measures the CIA, NSA and others took after 9/11 to fight terrorism

他们声称，CIA、NSA等机构在9/11事件后采取的打击恐怖主义的非常措施

included evading congressional oversight, and so broke the post-Watergate compact.

就含有逃避国会监督一项，这就打破了水门事件后的约定。

And they say both Clapper and Hayden bear some of the blame for the resulting loss of faith.

他们还说，克拉珀和海登都应为公信力崩塌这一后果承担部分责任。

In September 2006, Hayden first testified to the congressional oversight committees about the CIA’s “enhanced interrogation” program.

2006年9月，海登首次就中情局的“强化审讯”计划向国会监督委员会作证。

A multiyear report by the Senate Intelligence Committee later concluded

后来，参议院情报委员会一项持续了多年的报告显示，

that the CIA had engaged in widespread torture, which is illegal, and that Hayden had misled the committees.

中央情报局广泛应用酷刑，这一做法违反了法律，海登则误导了委员会。