2022年经济学人 亚马逊原始部落谋杀案真相揭秘(1)（在线收听）

The Americas

美洲版块

Bello

引发战争

Murder in the Amazon

亚马逊谋杀案

A double slaying reminds Brazilians how much their President scorns greens.

双人被杀提醒巴西人，他们的总统是多么鄙视绿党。

Fly from Europe to Peru and you make landfall over Guyana.

从欧洲飞到秘鲁，在圭亚那降落。

For almost five hours you then fly over a dark green carpet festooned with serpentine rivers, some a muddy brown, others inky black.

在近五个小时中，你会在一条墨绿色的地毯上飞行，地毯上点缀着蜿蜒的河流，有些是浑浊的棕色，有些是墨黑色的。

Such, still, is the vastness of the Amazon rainforest.

这就是亚马逊雨林的辽阔。

Yet this aerial view is deceptive.

然而，这种鸟瞰是具有欺骗性的。

At ground level large swathes of the forest have been eaten away.

在地面上，大片的森林已经被侵蚀殆尽。

It is an assault that began centuries ago, as colonists pushed up the rivers.

这是一场始于几个世纪前的侵略，当时殖民者们正在向上游推进。

Since the 1960s it has gathered pace, accelerated by the chainsaw, the bulldozer and the building of highways.

自20世纪60年代以来，随着电锯、推土机和高速公路的修建，它加快了步伐。

At issue are two opposing visions for the region, of economic development or of environmental protection, and two groups of people: most indigenous tribes on the one hand, and ranchers, farmers, loggers and garimpeiros (wildcat miners) on the other.

争论的焦点是对该地区经济发展或环境保护的两种截然相反的看法，以及两类人：一方面是大多数土著部落，另一方面是牧场主、农民、伐木者和非法淘金者(非法矿工)。

Now this conflict has reached even the most hidden areas of the Amazon, as the murders earlier this month of Bruno Pereira, an adviser to indigenous tribes, and Dom Phillips, a British journalist, make clear.

本月早些时候，当地部落顾问布鲁诺·佩雷拉(Bruno Pereira)和英国记者多姆·菲利普斯(Dom Phillips)被谋杀，这表明这场冲突甚至波及到了亚马逊最隐秘的地区。

According to Brazil’s federal police they were shot dead as they were returning by boat from a research trip in the valley of the Javari, a territory the size of Austria close to the border with Peru that is home to 16 tribes living in isolation.

根据巴西联邦警察的说法，他们在查瓦利山谷进行考察后，乘船返回时被枪杀的。查瓦利山谷面积相当于奥地利，靠近秘鲁边境，居住着16个与世隔绝的部落。

The police say their killers were illegal fishermen, three of whom have been arrested.

警方表示，凶手是非法渔民，其中三人已被逮捕。

The pair are far from the first defenders of the forest to die violently.

这两个人完全不是第一批死于暴力的森林守卫者。

In 1988 the murder of Chico Mendes, the leader of a rubber-tappers’ union in Acre, to the south of the Javari, caused international outrage.

1988年，查瓦利山谷南部阿克里的橡胶采集者工会领袖奇科·门德斯被谋杀，引起了国际社会的愤怒。

His killers were the sons of a rancher who wanted the union’s land.

杀害他的是一位想要联邦土地的牧场主的儿子。

Mendes’s death contributed to far-reaching changes of policy in Brazil, coinciding with the country’s democratic constitution of 1988.

门德斯的去世对巴西政策的深远变化做出了贡献，恰逢该国1988年的民主宪法出台。

Governments banned wildcat mining, set aside large chunks of the forest as indigenous reserves or national parks, and stepped up enforcement of laws against deforestation.

各国政府禁止非法开采，将大片森林留作土著保护区或国家公园，并加大了禁止砍伐森林的法律执行力度。

This change peaked under Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and his environment minister of 2003-08, Marina Silva, who had worked with Mendes.

这一变化在路易斯·伊纳西奥·卢拉·达席尔瓦和环境部长玛丽娜·席尔瓦的领导下达到顶峰，玛丽娜曾在2003-2008年间与门德斯共事。