VOA健康报道2022 如何种植和食用向日葵（在线收听）

Sunflowers are huge plants with bright yellow flowers.

向日葵是开明黄色花朵的大型植物。

They have a long history in North America.

它们在北美有很长的历史。

There is evidence they were used for food and for medicine by Native Americans beginning around 1,000 B.C.

有证据表明，大约从公元前1000年开始，美洲原住民就把它们用作食物和药物。

The seeds from sunflowers were likely brought to Europe by Spanish explorers around the late 16th century.

向日葵的种子可能是在16世纪末由西班牙探险家带到欧洲的。

Over time, they found their way to Eastern Europe.

随着时间的推移，他们找到了通往东欧的路。

Today, Ukraine is the world's leading producer of the plants.

如今，乌克兰是世界上主要的向日葵种植国。

Sunflowers are grown for their seeds and to make oil.

种植向日葵是为了获取其种子榨油。

The plant has increasingly become popular on social media.

这种植物在社交媒体上越来越受欢迎。

That is because users enjoy taking pictures of themselves in bright fields of sunflowers.

这是因为用户喜欢在颜色鲜艳的向日葵地里自拍。

The photos are called "sunflower selfies."

这些照片被称为“向日葵自拍”。

Gardening expert and writer Jessica Damiano recently wrote a story about growing sunflowers for The Associated Press.

园艺专家兼作家杰西卡·达米亚诺最近为美联社写了一篇关于种植向日葵的报道。

It is easy to grow your own sunflowers, she writes.

她写道：自己种向日葵很容易。

Small versions of the plants can even be grown in containers.

小型的向日葵甚至可以在容器中种植。

If you start growing sunflower from seeds, put them in room-temperature water for 2-8 hours before planting to start the growing process.

如果你从向日葵种子开始种植，在开始种植过程前把它们放在室温水中2-8小时。

Plant each seed into dirt 2.5 centimeters deep and 15 to 30 centimeters apart.

把每颗种子种在2.5厘米深、间隔15到30厘米的泥土里。

Plant them after the danger of frost has passed or start indoors three weeks before your last frost date.

在霜冻的危险过去后种植它们，或者在最后一次霜冻前三周开始在室内种植。

Keep the soil wet, but not too wet, until the seeds begin to grow.

保持土壤湿润，但不要太湿，直到种子开始生长。

Sunflower plants can be moved outdoors when the danger of frost has passed in your area.

当你所在地区的霜冻危险过去后，可以把向日葵移到室外。

Choose a place outside that will provide the plants with at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight each day.

选择一个室外的地方，每天为向日葵提供至少6-8小时的阳光直射。

As the plants grow, they will develop long roots that work their way deep into the ground.

随着向日葵的生长，它们会长出很长的根，深深扎进地下。

So, before planting, it is important to loosen the soil.

因此，在种植之前，松土是很重要的。

Dig at least one third of a meter down and remove any rocks.

向下挖至少三分之一米，并移走所有的岩石。

Mix a large amount of compost into the soil where the plant will grow.

在种植向日葵的土壤中混入大量的堆肥。

Compost provides important, lasting nutrients that will help the plants all season long.

堆肥提供了重要的、持久的营养，有助于向日葵整个季节的生长。

Water the plants when the soil dries.

土壤干了就给向日葵浇水。

Aim to provide about 2.5 centimeters of water a week.

目标是每周提供约2.5厘米的水。

Pay attention to the amount of rainfall your area receives each week.

注意你所在地区每周的降雨量。

A five-centimeter layer of mulch will help the soil hold water and reduce competition from unwanted plants.

一层五厘米厚的覆盖物将会帮助土壤保持水分，并减少多余植物的竞争。

The sunflowers may not need additional nutrients if they were planted with compost.

如果种植向日葵时加了堆肥，向日葵可能就不需要额外的营养。

If compost was not added during the planting process, provide nutrients through a slow-release, all-purpose fertilizer one or two times during the growing season.

如果在种植过程中没有添加堆肥，在生长季节通过施加一到两次的缓释的通用肥料来提供养分。

Some kinds of sunflowers can grow up to three meters tall.

有些种类的向日葵可以长到三米高。

These kinds of sunflowers may require protection from strong winds.

这些向日葵可能需要保护来抵御强风。

So, it is best to plant them against a structure that will protect them from the wind.

因此，最好将它们种植在可以保护它们免受风吹的结构上。

You can also tie them to something tall for support.

你也可以把它们绑在高的物体上支撑它们。

When the flowers open, you can cut them and bring them inside.

当花开的时候，你可以把它们剪下来并带进室内。

Put them in a container of water and enjoy their brightness and beauty.

把它们放在装满水的容器里，观赏它们的鲜艳和美丽。

To gather the seeds, wait until the plants die back and the flowers start to fall at the end of the season.

为了收集种子，要等到向日葵枯萎，向日葵花朵在季节结束时开始凋零。

The backs of the flowers will be brown.

花的背面会变成棕色。

The seeds will start coming out of the head.

种子会开始从顶部出来。

Cut the flowers off the plants.

把花从植株上剪下来。

Then, put them into a bag or container to avoid spilling the seeds, which will be loose.

然后，把它们放进袋子或容器里，以避免种子洒出来，因为种子会散开。

Remove the seeds by rubbing flowers with your hands or a hard brush.

用手或硬刷子搓花，种子就掉下来了。

Do this over a container.

在容器上这样做。

Look through the seeds and remove parts of the plant that came off.

仔细检查种子，去掉植株上掉下来的部分。

Wash the seeds with water.

用水把种子洗净。

Set them out to dry overnight.

把它们放在外面晾一夜。

Sunflower seeds may be eaten cooked or uncooked.

葵花籽可以煮熟吃，也可以生吃。

To roast the seeds, you need an oven.

要烤葵花籽，你需要一个烤箱。

Set the temperature to 165 degrees Celsius.

将温度调到165摄氏度。

Once the oven is heated, cook the seeds until they are brown.

烤箱加热后，把葵花籽烤至棕色。

The process takes anywhere from 15 to 30 minutes.

整个过程需要15到30分钟。

To make salted seeds, boil them in hot salted water for 90 minutes to two hours.

要腌制葵花籽，要在热盐水中煮90分钟到2个小时。

Let them dry and then roast them in the oven.

把它们晾干后，再在烤箱里烤。

I'm Jill Robbins.

吉尔·罗宾斯为您播报。