VOA新闻杂志2023 美洲原住民保持制作烟斗的传统（在线收听）

Native Americans Keep Pipe-Making Tradition Alive

A tribe of Native Americans in the northern state of Minnesota digs up a special kind of rock and forms it into a device used for smoking, called a pipe.

明尼苏达州北部的美洲原住民部落挖掘出一种特殊的岩石，并将其制成一种称为烟斗的吸烟工具。

The dark red rock is known as pipestone because it has been used for a long time to make the smoking tool.

这种暗红色的岩石被称为烟斗石，因为它长期以来一直被用来制造吸烟工具。

History of pipestone

烟斗的历史

The native people consider the rock and pipes sacred. But over time, people moved away from the area and others died. As a result, not many people are permitted to dig out the rock and not many others know how to make the pipes.

原住民认为这种岩石和烟斗是神圣的。但随着时间的推移，很多人离开了这个地区，其他人也去世了。因此，允许挖掘岩石的人不多，知道如何制作烟斗的人也不多。

Only about 12 people remain in the area who know how to carve the pipes. Cindy Pederson is one of them. She learned from her grandparents over 50 years ago. She said she would be happy to teach the pipe-carving skill to anyone. She added, "The Spirit will be with you if you're meant to do that."

目前，该地区只有大约12人知道如何雕刻烟斗。辛迪·佩德森就是其中之一。她是50多年前从祖父母那里学来的。她说她很乐意向任何人传授烟斗雕刻技艺。她还说，“如果你想这么做，神灵就会与你同在。”

Pederson is one of the Dakota people who want to pass along the skill to future generations.

佩德森是希望将这项技艺传给后代的达科塔人之一。

She is part of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Dakota Nation. She holds classes on pipe-carving at a small park near the rock quarries. The park in the southwestern part of the state is called Pipestone National Monument.

佩德森是锡塞顿-瓦普顿达科塔族的一员。她在靠近岩石采石场的明尼苏达州西南部的一个小公园里举办烟斗雕刻课程。这个公园名为烟斗石国家纪念碑。

Darlene St. Clair is a member of the Dakota tribe. She is a professor at St. Cloud State University in Minnesota. She also uses the Dakota name lyekiyapiwin to show she is a member of the tribe.

达琳·圣克莱尔是达科塔部落的成员。她是明尼苏达州圣克劳德州立大学的教授。她还使用达科塔人的名字lyekiyapiwin来表明自己是部落的一员。

St. Clair said the pipestone is important to the spiritual activities of the Native Americans. "Praying with pipes, we take very seriously," she said.

圣克莱尔说，烟斗石对印第安人的精神活动很重要。“我们非常认真地用烟斗祈祷。”她说。

Smoking a pipe made from the deep red rock is thought to connect the smoker with "the Creator." The creator is similar to what many religions mean when they discuss God.

用深红色岩石制成的烟斗被认为能将吸烟者与“造物主”连接起来。造物主类似于许多宗教在讨论上帝时的意思。

The smoke moves a prayer from the person with the pipe to the creator.

烟雾将一个人的祈祷从烟斗传达给造物主。

Gabrielle Drapeau said the pipestone area was always a place for prayer. Even enemy tribes would stop fighting when they arrived at the pipestone area. Tradition has it that if people fought on the ground of the pipestone, the rock would stop being available.

加布里埃尔·德拉波说，烟斗石地区一直是祈祷的地方。即使是敌对的部落也会在到达烟斗石地区时停止战斗。根据传统，如果人们在烟斗石的地面上战斗，那么这种岩石将不再可用。

Drapeau is a park ranger and cultural resource specialist. She started coming to the rock area as a child. She is part of the Yankton Sioux tribe of South Dakota. When she was young, she heard a story about why the rock turned red. Many people died in a great flood, and their blood changed the color of the rock. The creator then came to the area and said if people smoked from a pipe, they could reach him with a message.

德拉波是公园管理员和文化资源专家。她从小就在该地区。她是南达科塔州扬克顿苏族部落的一员。小的时候，她听过一个关于岩石为什么会变红的故事。许多人死于一场大洪水，他们的血改变了岩石的颜色。造物主随后来到这里，告诉人们如果用烟斗吸烟，就可以向他传递信息。

Drapeau said those who smoke the pipes also feel connected to all the people who came before.

德拉波说，使用烟斗的人也会感觉到自己与前人的联系。

Not just any stone

不是普通的岩石

It's not just a willy-nilly stone, she said. Willy-nilly is a combination of words meant to show that something is unimportant.

她说:“"这不是一块普通的岩石。”willly -nilly是一个组合词，意思是表示某事不重要。

Because of that, the rock is protected. If you want to cut the rock from the ground, you need to have permission. Only those who are members of Native American tribes can come to remove the rock.

正因为如此，这种岩石才得到了保护。如果想开采这种岩石，需要得到许可。只有美国原住部落的成员才能来挖掘这种岩石。

While some, like Pederson, want to teach pipe-making to others, there is disagreement about whether non-Native Americans should be permitted to learn.

尽管像佩德森这样的人想要教别人制作烟斗，但关于是否应该允许非美洲原住民学习这项技术仍存在分歧。

Keeping the knowledge safe

保护知识安全

Some think the pipe-making knowledge should only be shared with other Native Americans. In addition, many Native Americans think only Indigenous people should be permitted to use the pipes.

一些人认为，制作烟斗知识的分享应该仅限于原住民。此外，许多人认为只有美洲原住民才能使用烟斗。

Travis Erickson is one of those people permitted to take the rock from the ground. He started doing that at the age of 10. The diggers must work only with hand tools to protect the pipestone area.

特拉维斯·埃里克森是拥有岩石挖掘权的人之一。他从10岁开始就从事这项工作。为保护烟斗石地区，挖掘者只能使用手工工具。

Erickson started making the pipes with his family in the 1960s. He learned with other family members and went on to teach his own children how to do the work. But 60 years later, not many people want to do the difficult job of cutting out the pipestone and making the pipes.

埃里克森和他的家人在20世纪60年代开始制作烟斗。他和其他家庭成员一起学习，然后教自己的孩子如何做这项工作。但60年后，没有多少人愿意做这项开采烟斗石和制作烟斗的艰难工作了。

He wants to teach the skills to as many young Native Americans as possible. Many of the young people only learn about the pipestone and the pipes when they come for visits.

他希望尽可能多地向年轻的原住民传授这些技能。许多年轻人只有在来参观时才了解烟斗石和烟斗。

Cindy Pederson's brother, Mark, also teaches at the visitor's center. He recently taught a number of young people how to swing heavy hammers. Many wanted to return and learn more about cutting out the pipestone.

辛迪·佩德森的哥哥马克也在游客中心教授。他最近教了一些年轻人如何挥动重锤。许多人都想回去学习更多关于开采烟斗石的知识。

They also tell the young people the history of the area and its important place in the spiritual life of Native Americans.

他们还告诉年轻人该地区的历史及其在美洲原住民精神生活中的重要地位。

Drapeau said she tells them they are permitted to come to pipestone for prayer. In the past, many native people were restricted from coming to pipestone for prayer events.

德拉波说，她告诉他们，他们可以来这里祈祷。在过去，许多原住民被限制不能来这里进行祈祷活动。

The Pipestone National Monument is run by the National Park Service, a U.S. government agency. About 75,000 people visit each year.

烟斗石国家纪念碑由美国政府机构国家公园管理局管理。每年约有75,000人参观。

The government and the native people decided that pipes would no longer be sold in the visitor center. But non-Indigenous people can still buy the pipes just a short distance away at stores in the town of Pipestone.

政府和原住民决定不再在游客中心出售烟斗。但非原住民仍然可以在不远的烟斗石镇的商店里买到这种烟斗。

The native people say they want to protect their traditions. Greg Gagnon studies Native Americans and wrote a book about Dakota culture. He said many native people are worried that their traditions will be watered down if they permit everyone to use the pipes.

原住民说他们想要保护他们的传统。格雷格·加尼翁研究印第安人，写了一本关于达科塔文化的书。他说，许多原住民担心，如果他们允许每个人都使用烟斗，他们的传统会被淡化。

But Pederson said she is not worried. She said "the spirit" works to help people who create the pipes and receive them.

但是佩德森说她并不担心。她说，“神灵”可以帮助那些制造和接收烟斗的人。

Grandma and Grandpa always said the stone takes care of itself, knows what's in a person's heart, she said.

“爷爷奶奶总是说，岩石会照顾自己，了解一个人的内心。”她说。

Words in This Story

sacred –adj. holy; deserving of religious feelings

park –n. a piece of land that is protected from development for its natural or historic importance

quarry –n. a place where stone is cut from the ground for use in industry

ranger –n. a person who helps oversee public forests and lands

hammer –n. a tool used for driving nails or breaking up rock