[00:00.00]Unit 3 text A Euthanasia: For and Against
[00:03.84]安乐死:支持还是反对?
[00:07.68]"We mustn't delay any longer...swallowing is difficult...
[00:10.50]"我们再也不能耽误了...吞咽困难...
[00:13.32]and breathing that's also difficult.
[00:15.60]呼吸也很困难.
[00:17.87]Those muscles are weakening too...we mustn't delay any longer.
[00:21.29]肌肉也正在变得软弱无力...我们再也不能耽误了.
[00:24.71]These were the words of Dutchman Cees van Wendel de Joode
[00:28.45]这是荷兰人齐思.万德尔.德.万德
[00:32.18]asking his doctorto help him die.
[00:34.36]在请求他的医生帮助他死亡时说的话.
[00:36.55]Affected with a serious disease,
[00:38.62]因患有严重的疾病,
[00:40.70]van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly
[00:43.43]范.万德尔再也不能清楚地讲话了.
[00:46.16]and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.
[00:50.48]他知道已没有康复的希望,其病情正在迅速恶化.
[00:54.80]Van Wendel's last three months of life
[00:59.85]before being given a final,lethal injection by his doctor
[01:02.98]在范.万德尔的医生给他进行最后的致死的注射前,他生命的最后三个月的生活被拍成了电影,
[01:06.12]were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.
[01:09.50]并且去年在荷兰的电视上首次播映.
[01:12.88]The programme has since been bought by 20 countries
[01:16.06]此后,这个节目曾被20个国家购买.
[01:19.23]and each time it is shown,it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.
[01:22.91]每次放映,都引起一场关于这个主题的全国性的大讨论.
[01:26.60]The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia,
[01:30.07]荷兰是欧洲惟一允许安乐死的国家,
[01:33.54]although it is not technically legal there.
[01:35.67]虽然在那里严格根据法律还不合法.
[01:37.80]However,doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines
[01:40.99]然而,在荷兰谇两年前提出的议案的指导原则下
[01:44.18]introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted.
[01:47.86]执行安乐死的医生,通常是不会被起诉的.
[01:51.54]The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering
[01:55.62]这些指导原则要求,患者须正在经受极度的痛苦,
[01:59.69]there is no chance of a cure,
[02:01.77]没有治愈的机会,
[02:03.85]and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia.
[02:06.82]患者一再提出安乐死.
[02:09.80]In addition to this,
[02:11.42]除此之外,
[02:13.04]a second doctor nust confirm that these critenia have been met
[02:16.42]除此之外,必须有第二位医生证实这些标准已达到,
[02:19.81]and the death must be reported to the police department.
[02:22.63]并且死亡要向警察觉部门报告.
[02:25.45]should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others?
[02:28.27]可以允许医生剥夺别人的生命吗?
[02:31.09]Dr.Wilfred van Oijen,Ce Wilfred van Oijen,Cees van Wendel's doctor,
[02:33.98]齐思.范.万德尔的医生,威尔弗雷德.范.奥仁大夫
[02:36.87]explains how he looks at the question:
[02:39.05]谈了他对这个问题的看法:
[02:41.23]"Well,it's not as if I'm planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun.
[02:45.25]"噢,情况并不像我在计划用机关枪杀一大群人似的.
[02:49.27]In that case,killing is the worst thing I can imagine.
[02:52.00]若是那样,那就是杀人,是我所能想象的最残忍的杀人.
[02:54.73]But that's entirely different from my work as a doctor.
[02:57.41]但那完全不同于我作为一个医生的工作,
[03:00.09]I care for people and I try to ensure that they don't suffer too much.
[03:04.02]我照顾人们并且尽力保证他们不受太大的痛苦.
[03:07.95]That's a very different thing."
[03:09.69]那是大不一样的事情."
[03:11.43]Many people,though,arc totally against the practice of euthanasia
[03:14.10]然而,许多人完全反对实行安乐死.
[03:16.78]Dr.Andrew Ferguson,Chairman of the organisation Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia,
[03:20.31]反安乐死保健组织的主席安德鲁.福格森医生说:
[03:23.83]says that "in the vast' majority of euthanasia cases,
[03:26.67]"在大多数安乐死的病例中,
[03:29.50]what the patient is actually asking for is something else.
[03:32.62]患者实际要求的是另一回事.
[03:35.75]They may rant a health professional
[03:37.82]他们可能需要一位健康专家
[03:39.90]to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family
[03:42.88]让他们与他们所爱的人和家进行交流
[03:45.85]there's nearly always another question behind the question."
[03:48.43]---问题之后几乎总有另一个问题."
[03:51.00]Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices--
[03:53.89]英国也有一个牢固的建立晚期病人收容所的传统
[03:56.77]special hospitals which care only for the dying and their special needs
[04:00.34]--只是照顾将要死亡者和他们的特殊需要的医院.
[04:03.91]Cicely Saunders,President of the National Hospice Council
[04:06.92]茜西莉.桑德斯,国家收容所委员会主席
[04:09.94]and a founder member of the hospice movement[04:12.60]和收容运动的发起者,
[04:15.27]argues that euthanasia doesn't take into account
[04:19.53]that there are ways of caring for the dying.
[04:21.90]主张安乐死并未考虑到照顾将死患者有多种方式.
[04:24.28]She is also concemed that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care
[04:28.21]她还谈到允许安乐死就会破坏广大的人们对照料和关心的需要:
[04:32.14]and consideration of a wide range of people:
[04:37.21]"it's very easy in society now for the elderly,
[04:39.94]"现在社会上,这是容易使老人,
[04:42.67]the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens,
[04:46.24]残疾人和依靠别人生存的人感觉到他们是负担,
[04:49.80]and therefore that they ought to opt out.
[04:52.58]因此他们应该决定退出.
[04:55.37]I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable."
[04:59.94]我认为任何法律上允许缩短生命的做法肯定使这些人更容易受伤害."
[05:04.51]Many find this prohibition of an individual's right to die paternalistic
[05:07.98]许多人发现这种禁止睛个人死亡的权利常有家作风.
[05:11.46]Although they agree that life is important and should be respected,
[05:14.14]虽然他们同意生命是重要的并且应该受到尊重,
[05:16.81]they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored.
[05:19.93]他们觉得生命的质量也不应忽视.
[05:23.06]Dr.van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right
[05:26.78]范.奥仁大夫认为如果人们想,
[05:30.50]to choose for themselves if they want to die:
[05:33.37]他们有为自己选择的基本权利:
[05:36.25]"What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me
[05:39.58]"那些反对安乐死的人是在告诉我们
[05:42.91]is that dying people haven't the right.
[05:45.34]将死的人们没有这种权利.
[05:47.77]And that when people are very ill,we are all afraid of their death.
[05:51.75]并且当人们病得很重时,我们都担心他们的死亡.
[05:55.74]But there are situations where death is a friend.
[05:58.40]但有些情形是死亡比敬延残喘更好,
[06:01.06]And in those cases,why not?
[06:03.56]在那些情况下,为什么不采用安乐死呢?"
[06:06.05]But "why not?" is a question which might cause strong emotion.
[06:09.74]但"为什么不呢"是个会引起强烈感情的问题.
[06:13.42]The film showing Cees van Wendel's death was both moving and sensitive.
[06:17.60]展示齐思.范.万德尔死亡情景的影片既动人又敏感.
[06:21.78]His doctor was clearly a family friend;
[06:24.51]显然他的医生是家里人的朋友;
[06:27.24]his wife had only her husband's interests at heart.
[06:30.20]他妻子的心里也只有丈夫的利益.
[06:33.17]Some,however,would argue that it would be dangerous
[06:39.10]to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia.
[06:42.23]然而,一些人争论说,用这样的特殊的事例去支持安乐死是危险的.
[06:45.37]Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention.
[06:49.69]并非所有患者都会得到这么高级的个别护理和关注.
[06:54.01]Text B Advantage unfair
[06:56.54]优势不公
[06:59.06]According to the writer Walter Ellis,
[07:01.09]据作家活尔特.埃利斯,
[07:03.13]author of a book called the Oxbridge Conspiracy,
[07:05.56]<牛津剑桥阴谋帮派>一书的作者所说,
[07:07.99]Britain is still dominated by the old-boy network:
[07:10.42]英国仍在老同学每每网控制之下:
[07:12.85]it isn't what you know that matters,but who you know.
[07:15.33]你所懂得的不重要,你认识谁倒更重要.
[07:17.81]He claims that at Oxford and Cambridge Universities (Oxbridge for short)
[07:21.39]他声明在牛津大学,剑桥大学(简称牛津剑桥)
[07:24.97]a few select people start on an escalator ride which over the years, [07:28.05]一些经过层层挑选的人们开始就像乘坐扶手电梯一样,
[07:31.13]carries them to the tops of British privilege and power.
[07:33.67]几年后,就被送到英国特权和权力的顶层.
[07:36.20]His research revealed that the top professions all continue to be dominated
[07:39.17]他的研究提示英国上层职业继续被牛津,剑桥的毕业生控制,
[07:42.13]if not 90 percent,then 60 or 65 per cent, by Oxbridge graduates.
[07:45.75]即使到不了90%,也有60%或65%.
[07:49.37]And yet,says Ellis,Oxbridge graduates make up only two percent
[07:55.53]of the total number of students who graduate from Britain's universities
[07:58.46]埃利斯还说,牛津,剑桥的毕业生只占英国高校毕业生总人数的2%.
[08:01.38]Other researches also seem to support his belief
[08:03.92]其他研究似乎也支持他的观点,
[08:06.45]that Oxbridge graduates start with an unfair advantage in the employment market.
[08:09.63]认为牛津,合格的毕业生一开始就在就业市场上具有不公平的优势.
[08:12.80]In the law,a recenfiy published report showed that out of 26 senior judges
[08:19.64]appointed to the High Court last year
[08:21.52]在法律方面,最近发布的报告显示去年26位被任命到高等法庭的高级法官中,
[08:23.41]all of them went to private schools and 21 of them went to Oxbridge[08:26.37]所有人都上过私立学校,其中21人上的最牛津,剑桥.
[08:29.34]But can this be said to amount to a conspiracy?
[08:31.52]但是任这些就能说是构成一个阴谋帮派吗?
[08:33.70]Not according to Dr.John Rte,
[08:37.54]a former headmaster of one of Britain's leading private schools,Westminster:
[08:40.78]按照英国一家主要私立学校威斯敏斯特的前校长约翰.雷博士说法,并非如此.
[08:44.02]I would accept that there was a bias in some key areas of British life,
[08:46.80]"我愿意承认在英国生活的一些关键领域存在着偏见,
[08:49.58]but that bias has now gone.
[08:51.41]但现在这些偏见已经一去不复返了.
[08:53.24]Some time ago--in the 60s and before
[08:55.67]一段时间前---即在60年代及其以前
[08:58.10]entry to Oxford and Cambridge was not entirely on merit.
[09:00.62]---进入牛津,合格并不是全部靠成绩的.
[09:03.14]Now,there's absolutely no question in any objective observer's mind
[09:06.32]现在,在任何客观的观察家心目中已经勿庸质疑,
[09:09.51]that entry to Oxford and Cambridge is fiercely competitive."
[09:12.14]进入牛津,剑桥是残酷的竞争."
[09:14.76]However,many would disagree with this.
[09:16.88]然而,许多人不同意这个观点.
[09:18.99]For,although over three-quarters of British pupils are educated in state school,
[09:22.31]因为尽管超过3/4的英国学生毕业于公立学校,
[09:25.63]over half the students that go to Oxbridge
[09:27.65]进入牛津和剑桥的超过半数的学生
[09:29.68]have been to private,or "public"schools.
[09:32.11]曾上过私立学校,即"公学".
[09:34.54]Is this because pupils from Britain's private schools
[09:39.11]are more intelligent than those from state schools,
[09:41.24]这是因为英国私立学校的学生比公立学校的学生聪明呢?
[09:43.37]or are they simply better prepared?
[09:45.20]或者仅仅因为他们受的教育好呢?
[09:47.02]On average,about 5,000 a year is spent on each private school pupil
[09:50.71]私立学校平均每年花在一个学生身上的钱是5000英镑,
[09:54.39]more than twice the amount spent on state school pupils.
[09:56.87]是花在公立学校学生身上的两倍多.
[09:59.35]So how can the state schools be expected to compete with the private schools
[10:05.00]when they have far fewer resources?
[10:06.88]这样在财力少得多的情况下,公立学校怎么能与么立学校竞争呢?
[10:08.76]And how can they prepare their pupils for the special entrance exam to Oxford University,
[10:11.84]他们怎么帮学生准备进入牛津大学的专门入学考试呢?
[10:14.92]which requires extra preparation, and for which many public school pupils
[10:18.04]这些考试要求特别地准备,为此许多公学的学生
[10:21.17]traditionally stay at school and do an additional term?
[10:23.65]传统上住在学校,要用额外的学习时间.
[10:26.13]Until recently,many blamed Oxford for this bias
[10:31.41]because of the university's special entrance exam
[10:33.78]直到最近,许多人因为牛津大学专门的入学考试而谴责这一偏见
[10:36.16](Cambridge abolished its entrance exam in 1986).
[10:38.73](剑桥在1986年取消了它的入学考试).
[10:41.31]But last February,Oxford University decided to abolish the exam 10:44.39]但去年2月,牛津大学决定废除入学考试
[10:47.47]to encourage more state school applicants.
[10:49.59]以鼓励更大多公立学校的申请者.
[10:51.70]From autumn 1996,Oxford University applicants,
[10:54.58]从1996年秋天开始,牛津大学的申请者,
[10:57.45]like applicants to other universities,
[10:59.42]像其他大学申请者一样,
[11:01.39]will be judged only on their A level results
[11:03.51]将根据其中学生高级考试成绩
[11:05.63]and on their performance at interviews,
[11:07.60]及面试中的表现来判断是否录取,
[11:09.57]although some departments might still set special tests.
[11:11.95]尽管一些系可能仍然设置特别的考试.
[11:14.32]However,some argue that there's nothing wrong in having elite places of learning,
[11:17.45]然而,有人争辩说,设置精英学校也没什么不妥.
[11:20.57]and that by their very nature,these places should not be easily accessible.
[11:23.85]既然是精英学校,这些学校就不应该能够轻易进入.
[11:27.12]Most countries are run by an elite
[11:29.01]大多数国家都由精英们管理着,
[11:30.89]and have centres of academic excellence from which the elite are recruited.
[11:33.83]有精英汇集的优秀学术中心.
[11:36.76]Walter Ellis accepts that this is true:
[11:38.79]活尔特.埃利斯承认这是事实:
[11:40.81]"But in France,for example,there are something like 40 equivalents of university,
[11:44.20]"但在法国,例如:有40所同等大学
[11:47.58]which provide this elite through a much broader base.
[11:49.90]可以在更大广泛的基础上培养出精英.
[11:52.23]In America you've got the Ivy League,centred on Harvard and Yale,
[11:55.17]在美国有以哈佛大学,取鲁大学为中心的,
[11:58.11]with Princeton and Stanford and others.
[12:00.03]还有普林斯顿大学和其他大学组成的常青藤联合会.
[12:01.95]But again,those universities together
[12:04.18]但是,这些大学---
[12:06.41] the elite universities are about ten or fifteen in number[12:09.23]精英大学---大约有10到15所,
[12:12.06]and are being pushed along from behind by other great universities like
[12:14.99]又被其他一些好的大学,
[12:17.93]for example,Chicago and Berkeley.
[12:20.06]例如像芝加哥大学,加州大学伯克利分校由后面推动着.
[12:22.19]So you don't have just this narrow concentration
[12:26.63]of two universities providing a constantly replicating elite."
[12:29.31]这样,就不公公狭窄地集中于两所大学来不断培养一代代精英了."
[12:31.99]When it comes to Oxford it comes to Oxford and Cambridge being elitist
[12:34.17]当谈到牛津大学和剑桥大学能培养出精英来
[12:36.35]because of the number of private school pupils they accept,
[12:38.69]是因为它们接受了大量的私立学校学生时,
[12:41.03]Professor Stone of Oxford University argyles that there is a simple fact
[12:44.11]牛津大学的斯托思教授争辩说他和他的同事不能忽视这样一个简单的事实:
[12:47.19]he and his associates cannot ignore:
[12:51.03]"If certain schools do better than others then we just have to accept it.
[12:53.92]"如果某些学校比其他学校做得好,那么我们就不得不接受它.
[12:56.80]We cannot be a place for remedial education.
[12:58.98]我们不是补救教育的地方,
[13:01.17]It's not what Oxford is there to do."
[13:03.05]这不是牛津大学要做的."
[13:04.93]However,since academic excellence does appear to be related to the amount of money spent per pupil,
[13:08.47]然而,既然优秀学术的出现和花在第一个学生身上的钱的数目的确有关系,
[13:12.01]this does seem to imply that Prime Minister John Major's vision of Britain
[13:15.04]这似乎暗示了首相约翰.梅杰对英国
[13:18.07]as a classless society is still a long way off.
[13:20.55]作为一个无阶级的社会的想象确有一段很长的路要走.
[13:23.03]And it may be worth remembering that while John Major didn't himself go to Oxbridge,
[13:25.92]也许值得记住的是:尽管约翰.梅杰本人没有读过牛津,剑桥,
[13:28.80]most of his ministers did.
[13:30.57]而他的大部分大臣都读过.
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