[00:02.44]自由战士
[00:04.88]SPEAKING
[00:07.52]2 The song about John Brown is one of the most famous songs in America
[00:14.97]and is still sung by American soldiers.Study the song below and sing along.
[00:23.33]John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the grave,But his soul goes marching on...
[01:29.89]READING I HAVE A DREAM
[01:32.26]阅读 我有一个梦想
[01:34.64]In the summer of 1963 Martin Luther King,Jr
[01:37.67]1963年夏，马丁.路德
[01:40.70]gave a speech to thousands of black people who marched on Washington DC,
[01:43.93]向成千上万的人参加向美国首都华盛顿大进军的黑人发表了演说。
[01:47.15]the capital of the USA.His speech-
[01:49.68]他的演说-
[01:52.20]"I Have a Dream'-made him famous all over the world.
[01:54.98]我有一个梦想-使他举世闻名。
[01:57.76]At that time in the southern states,blacks were not treated as equal citizens.
[02:01.00]当时在美国南方各州，黑人不被当作平等公民。
[02:04.24]Although slavery ended in the USA in 1865,
[02:07.02]尽管在一百多年前的1865年，
[02:09.80]almost a hundred years before,
[02:11.63]奴隶制度在美国又结束。
[02:13.46]the South had its own laws to continue the separation of blacks and whites.
[02:16.54]但南部积压州有自已的法律继续把黑人和白人分开。
[02:19.62]Mixed-race marriages were forbidden by law.
[02:21.70]法律规定不允许黑人和白人结婚。
[02:23.78]There were separate sections for blacks in shops,
[02:26.30]在商店、餐厅、医院、公共汽车和炎车上
[02:28.82]restaurants,hospitals and no buses and trains.
[02:31.80]都有专为黑人设置的隔离区。
[02:34.78]Often blacks were not allowed into hotels,schools or libraries at all.
[02:38.05]黑经经常根本不允许进入旅馆、学校和图书馆。
[02:41.33]Black children were educated in separate schools,
[02:43.60]黑人儿童在单独为黑人开设的学校上学，
[02:45.88]and black people had no right to vote in the southern states.
[02:48.40]南部各州的黑人没有选举权。
[02:50.92]King fought for political rights for black people in the USA.
[02:53.74]金为美国人的政治权利斗争，
[02:56.56]By doing this he set an example to the rest of the world.
[02:59.29]从而为世界其它地区树立了榜样。
[03:02.02]His message was that black people should not be separated
[03:04.70]他给我们的启示是黑人不应该被隔离，
[03:07.38]but school be treated with respect in same way as other people.
[03:10.11]而应该受到其它人一样的待遇，而且应该受到完全的尊重。
[03:12.84]Born in 1929,King went to university when he fifteen.
[03:16.22]金生于1959年，十五岁时上了大学。
[03:19.60]Winning a scholarshio gave him the chance to go to a college
[03:22.28]获得奖学金给了他进入南方某州一所大学学习的机会，
[03:24.96]in one of the northern states,
[03:28.51]where black people had equal rights and were free to live,
[03:31.19]在那里黑人可以享受平等的权利，
[03:33.86]study and work as they wished.
[03:35.78]可以像他们所希望的那样自由生活、学习和工作。
[03:37.70]All his life he belived that it was right and necessary
[03:40.53]在他的一生中，他认为如果人们没有公民权，
[03:43.35]to demand changes in society if people did not have their civil rights.
[03:46.77]要求社会变革是正确的并且是必要的。
[03:50.19]He believed that he could achieve that goal by peaceful actions,not by violence.
[03:53.57]他认为可以通过和平，而不能过暴力来实现他的目标。
[03:56.96]On December 1,1955,Rosa Parks,a black woman,
[04:00.43]1955年12月1日，一名叫罗莎.帕克斯的黑人妇女
[04:03.91]got on a bus in Alabama and sat down in the "Whites-only"section.
[04:07.33]在阿拉巴马乘坐公共汽车，坐到了“白人专供区”坐的区域了。
[04:10.75]She refused to stand up for a white man and was arrested by the police.
[04:13.73]她拒绝站起来而被警察逮捕。
[04:16.71]King led a boycott of the bus company.
[04:18.68]金领导了一场对公共汽车联合抵制的动动。
[04:20.65]For 381 days,black people refused to take the city buses.
[04:24.03]整整381天，黑人拒绝搭乘市内公共汽车。
[04:27.42]In the end the government lawyers in the capital
[04:29.79]最后该州首府的政府律师说：
[04:32.17]said that the bus company was wrong to separate blacks from whites.
[04:34.95]公共汽车公司无权在车上将黑人与白人分离开来。
[04:37.73]Winning this case gave King national attention
[04:40.15]这次胜利让金引起了全国人的注意。
[04:42.57]He led many non-violent demonstrations against racial discrimination
[04:45.58]他领导了很多非暴力的示威运动以反对种族歧视和越南战争，
[04:48.60]and the Vietnam War,
[04:51.94]during which he himself was often beaten or arrested by the police.
[04:55.37]其间他本人遭到警察毒打或被逮捕。
[04:58.79]One of these was in Birmingham,Alabama.
[05:01.02]其中一次革命是在阿拉巴马州的伯明翰。
[05:03.26]Housing conditions for blacks in Birmingham were bad
[05:05.92]在伯明翰，黑人在住房情况很糟，
[05:08.58]and there were few jobs for blacks.
[05:10.56]黑人参加工作的机会很少。
[05:12.53]King wrote an important letter from prison.
[05:14.66]金在狱中写了一封信，
[05:16.79]"We have waited 340 years for our rights!We find it difficult to wait.
[05:20.37]他说“我们已经为我们的权利等待了340年；我们感觉很难等待。
[05:23.94]This"Wait"has almost always meant "Never'."he said.
[05:26.82]这种等待总是几乎意味着永不结束。”
[05:29.69]It was during the "March on Washington DC"in 1963
[05:32.53]就是在1963年，在华盛顿大规模和平示威集会上，
[05:35.36]that he gave the speech"I Have a Dream",
[05:37.63]金发表了题为“我有一个梦想”的演说，
[05:39.91]which inspired people of all races to fight for equality.
[05:42.64]它鼓舞了各个种族的人们为争取平等而战。
[05:45.36]The following year,King received the Nobel Peace Prize.
[05:48.09]次年金获得了诺贝尔和平奖。
[05:50.82]In the same year,a new Civil Rights Act was passed and in 1965
[05:54.36]同年，通过了新的民权法案，并在1965年
[05:57.90]a new Voting Rights Bill became law.
[06:00.28]一项新的选举法案变成了法律。
[06:02.66]From then on,all black people had the right to vote.
[06:05.34]从那以后，许多黑人都享有选举权。
[06:08.01]Martin Luther King,Jr was murdered in 1968.
[06:10.59]1968年，马丁.路德.金被暗杀身亡。
[06:13.16]However,his struggle had already changed the whole of society in the USA.
[06:16.58]然而，他的斗争已改变了美国整个社会。
[06:20.00]Soon after his death,black people started enjoying the rights they had waited
[06:23.18]在他去世后不久，黑人开始享有他们为之等待并斗争了如此久的权利。
[06:26.35]and fought for so long.
[06:30.11]INTEGRATING SKILLS
[06:33.50]综合练习
[06:36.88]Reading NO VOICE,NOT HEARD...
[06:39.52]阅读 没声音、就没被听见。
[06:42.16]Freedom fighters can be found everywhere,and they are of all times.
[06:45.58]为自由而战的人可以到处发现，他们贯穿了所有时代。
[06:49.00]Each age his its own struggle for rights.
[06:51.36]每个时代都有其为权利而奋斗的斗争。
[06:53.73]Between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries
[06:56.31]从16世纪到18世纪，。
[06:58.90]the struggle was for freedom of religion.
[07:01.22]主要的斗争是为了宗教自由
[07:03.55]People struggled for right to be free
[07:05.77]人们为了选择信仰
[07:07.99]in their choice of which good to believe in.
[07:10.37]什么神的自由权利而斗争。
[07:12.74]From the late eighteenth to well into the nineteenth century
[07:15.77]自18世纪晚期一直到19世纪，
[07:18.80]different groups of people struggled for their rights.
[07:21.23]不同团体的人为了他们的权利而斗争。
[07:23.66]These struggles started with the ideas of the French Revolution
[07:29.41]and the American War of Independence.
[07:31.54]这些斗争从法国大革命和美国独立战争的构想开始。
[07:33.67]There were famous books about the rights of man
[07:36.10]有关于人权方面的以及后来有妇女权利方面的著名书籍。
[07:38.53]and later the rights of woman.
[07:42.68]The main ideas were that all people are brothers and sisters,
[07:45.76]主要观点是所有人都犹如兄弟姐妹，
[07:48.85]and that all people should be treated equally.
[07:51.48]所有人必须平等。
[07:54.12]It was the beginning of a struggle of more than 200 years
[07:57.00]它是持续了200多年的，
[07:59.87]for unconditional rights of men and woman of all races.
[08:02.74]为了各种族的男人和妇女的平等权利而斗争的开端。
[08:05.62]First there was the struggle of black people in America
[08:08.35]起初有为了他们的权利而战的美国黑人的斗争。
[08:11.08]who fought for their rights.
[08:14.63]After the American Civil war,slavery was abolished.
[08:17.45]在美国内战之后，奴隶制结束了
[08:20.27]Slaves were now free people,
[08:22.19]奴隶那时成了自由人，
[08:24.11]but the southern states did not want to give black poeple their rights.
[08:27.08]但南方各州不想把黑人的权利还给他们。
[08:30.04]For more than a hundred years
[08:31.87]一百多年来，
[08:33.70]black people had to fight to be given the rights to vote,
[08:36.38]美国黑人不得不为了给予选择权
[08:39.05]choose where to live,study and work.
[08:41.53]选择住所、学习和工作的权利而战。
[08:44.02]Nelson Mandela was a great freedom fighter,
[08:46.35]纳尔逊.曼德拉是一们南非的伟大的为自由而战的战士，
[08:48.69]who fought for the rights of black people in South Africa.
[08:51.21]在非洲，他为了黑人的权利而战。
[08:53.73]Staring at almost the same time
[08:55.86]与此几乎同时开始的是国际妇妇权利运动。
[08:57.99]were the international movements for the rights of women.
[09:02.98]There was a time when women had no right to vote,
[09:05.35]曾有一段时间，妇妇没有选举权，
[09:07.71]could not go to university or choose their jobs.
[09:10.28]她们不能上大学或选择工作。
[09:12.86]In the nineteenth century,
[09:14.59]在十九世纪，
[09:16.33]women all over the world started asking for equal rights.
[09:19.29]全世界妇女开始寻求平等的权利。
[09:22.26]In 1893,
[09:24.08]1893年，
[09:25.89]New Zealand became the first country in the world
[09:28.16]新西兰成了世界上第一个允许妇妇有选举权的国家。
[09:30.44]to give women the right to vote.
[09:34.38]By 1920,women in the US,
[09:36.86]1920年，美国、
[09:39.34]Canada and most European countries had the right to vote.
[09:42.16]加拿大和多数欧洲国家的妇妇有了选举权。
[09:44.99]In modern times there are still organisations
[09:47.42]现代仍有反对种族歧视和为了人们的平等权利而战的组织。
[09:49.84]that fight against prejudice and for equal rights of people.
[09:55.12]There are action groups that fight for the rights of black people,
[09:57.85]有为黑人、妇女、儿童、
[10:00.58]women,children,people with AIDS/HIV and prisoners.
[10:03.86]艾滋病患者及囚犯的权利而战的行动组。
[10:07.14]What all these groups have in common
[10:09.57]这引起组的共同之处是他们要求受到尊重。
[10:12.00]is that they ask to be treated with respect,
[10:16.72]share the right to work,good housing conditions and education,
[10:19.85]享有工作权、享有好的住房条件、享有教育的权利
[10:22.97]and be treated equally to other people,
[10:25.19]及在各方面与其人一样受到平等对待。
[10:27.41]regardless of race,religion or sex.
[10:32.69]When Samuel Butleer wrote two chapters about the rights of animals
[10:35.56]当塞缪尔.巴特拉1872年
[10:38.43]and the rights of vegetables in a novel in 1872,
[10:41.37]在一部小说中写了两章关于动物和植物的权利文章时，
[10:44.31]everybody thought that was ridiculous.
[10:46.49]大家都把它当作是滑稽的笑话。
[10:48.67]But in the twentieth century organisations
[10:51.01]但在20世纪，
[10:53.35]were formed to give a voice to groups that do not have a voice to speak for themselves.
[10:56.63]很多人为替那些没有说话能力来维护自已权利的群体而申言的组织建立起来了。
[10:59.91]The largest is the animals rights movement.
[11:02.09]最大的是争取动物权利的动物权利运动。
[11:04.27]As a part of this movement there are now also action groups
[11:07.14]作 这相运动的一部分，
[11:10.01]that struggle for the rights of plants,
[11:12.14]现在有了植物、
[11:14.27]the oceans and the earth.
[11:16.15]海洋、地球的权利而战的行动组。
[11:18.03]There are already people wondering
[11:19.95]已经有人在考虑
[11:21.87]whether we should fight for the rights of robots and machines.
[11:24.60]是否我们应该为机器和机器人争取权利的。
[11:27.33]INTEGRATING SKILLS
[11:37.08]Reading THE FIRST REPUBLIC OF FREE BLACK PEOPLE
[11:42.72]Discovered by Columbus in 1492,the island,
[11:48.57]or at least the western part of it now known as Haiti,
[11:53.43]was the scene of some of the most advanced political developments
[11:59.07]in the Western world in the late eighteenth century.
[12:04.11]From 1763 to 1791 the island had its Golden Age.
[12:11.77]As its richest colony,
[12:15.29]the island contributed more than 40% to the economy of France.
[12:21.77]Its success rested on the labour of half a million slaves
[12:27.55]In 1772,slavery was abolished in England,
[12:33.71]which started a large public opinion movement.
[12:38.26]The news soon spread the world over and gave slaves in many countries hope.
[12:44.42]On the 14th of July,1789,the citizens of Paris started the French Revolution,
[12:52.96]but the slaves in the French colonies
[12:57.33]were disappointed that slavery was not abolished.
[13:02.18]Coloured people were also angry,
[13:06.34]because they were not recognised as full citizens.
[13:11.07]They were still subject to a number of discriminating laws
[13:16.21]regarding choice of jobs,dress,
[13:20.78]and where they could sit in public places.
[13:24.91]So despite the French Revolution,
[13:28.88]they were not given the same rights as white people.
[13:33.32]On 22 of August 1791 a revolution broke out among the slaves and lower classes.
[13:42.60]Hundreds fo miles of fields and crops went up in flames.
[13:48.24]The event is known as the "Night of Fire".
[13:53.80]In order to continue the revolution,the slaves needed a leader.
[13:59.37]Toussaint L'Ouverture grew up as a slave.
[14:04.72]As Toussaint proved to be very intelligent,his owner,
[14:10.18]who was a good man,gave him the opportunity to learn to read and study,
[14:17.34]and in the end made him a free man.
[14:22.30]At the time of the Night of Fire,
[14:26.38]Toussaint was already 48 years old and he had a good life.
[14:32.44]He did not take part in he revolution.
[14:36.51]Instead,he saved the family of his former owner
[14:42.08]and helped them to leave the country.
[14:45.92]After that,he joined the slaves in their struggle for freedom,
[14:51.19]and soon became their leader.
[14:54.75]On April4,1792,the French government in Paris signed a law
[15:02.11]giving all people of colour and all free black people
[15:07.68]the same political rights as the white people in French.
[15:13.03]Toussaint quickly recognised
[15:16.87]that the new law did not improve the situation of the slaves.
[15:22.04]So he decided to continue the fight for the rights of the black slaves.
[15:28.57]With Toussaint as their leader,
[15:31.92]the black army defeated both the Spanish and the French armies.
[15:37.48]In 1801 they created an independent republic
[15:43.15]with Toussaint as their first president.
[15:47.10]The new society was different from the old.
[15:51.46]Black people were no longer slaves,but became free workers,
[15:57.13]who worked normal hours and were paid for all labour.
[16:02.46]Men who had once been slaves now held the highest positions in the country.
[16:08.80]The revolution ahd created a new,proud and confident race of men.
[16:14.97]Toussaint proved not only to be a great freedom fighter and soldier,
[16:20.74]but also a great statesman.he built up the state and the country,
[16:26.59]repairing roads,opening schools and restoring agriculture all over the island.
[16:34.25]He even built a monument to remember that slavery was abolished |