Are People Who Speak More Than One Language Smarter?

This is the VOA Special English Health Report.
这里是美国之音慢速英语健康报道。
In the early nineteen fifties, researchers found that people scored lower on intelligence tests if they spoke¹ more than one language. Research in the sixties found the opposite. Bilingual people scored higher than monolinguals--people who speak only one language. So which is it?
上世纪五十年代早期，研究人员发现掌握超过一门语言的人在智力测试上得分更低。而六十年代研究的发现则恰恰相反，“双语者”比只懂一种语言的“单语者”得分更高。那么，哪个发现是正确的呢？
Researchers presented their newest studies last month at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement² of Science. The latest evidence shows that being bilingual does not necessarily make people smarter. But researcher Ellen Bialystock says it probably does make you better at certain skills.
研究人员上月在美国科学促进会的一次会议上介绍了他们的最新研究成果。最新证据表明，通晓双语并不能使人更聪明。但研究人员艾伦·比雅利斯托克（Ellen Bialystock）表示，它会使你在某些技能上表现更好。
ELLEN BIALYSTOCK: "Imagine driving down the highway. There's many things that could capture your attention and you really need to be able to monitor all of them. Why would bilingualism make you any better at that?"
比雅利斯托克：“想象一下在高速公路上开车，可能会有很多吸引你注意力的东西，你必须能够同时关注所有这一些。为什么双语环境可能会让你在这方面表现更好呢？”
And the answer, she says, is that bilingual people are often better at controlling their attention -- a function called the executive control system.
她表示，答案就是“双语者”更善于控制自己的注意力，这种能力也被称为行为控制系统。
ELLEN BIALYSTOCK: "It's quite possibly the most important cognitive³ system we have because it's where all of your decisions about what to attend to, what to ignore, what to process are made."
比雅利斯托克：“这可能是人类具备的最重要的认知系统。因为你做出专注、忽略、执行的决定时都离不开它。”
Ms. Bialystock is a psychology⁴ professor at York University in Toronto, Canada. She says the best method to measure the executive control system is called the Stroop Test. A person is shown words in different colors. The person has to ignore the word but say the color. The problem is that the words are all names of colors.
比雅利斯托克是加拿大约克大学的心理学教授。她表示，衡量行为控制系统能力最好的办法是斯特鲁测验（Stroop Test）。该测试向被测试者展示各种不同颜色的单词。被测试者需要忽略单词本身，说出字体的颜色。难点在于，这些单词都是一些颜色的名称。
ELLEN BIALYSTOCK: "So you would have the word blue written in red, but you have to say red. But blue is so salient, it's just lighting⁵ up all these circuits in your brain, and you really want to say blue. So you need a mechanism⁶ to override⁷ that so that you can say red. That's the executive control system."
比雅利斯托克：“因此，“蓝色”这个单词可能是用红色书写的，而你必须说“红色”。但“蓝色”这两个字非常突出，它一直闪现在你的大脑中，你很想说“蓝色”。这时你就需要一种抑制该想法的系统，你才能说出红色。这就是行为控制系统。”
Her work shows that bilingual people continually practice this function. They have to, because both languages are active in their brain at the same time. They need to suppress one to be able to speak in the other.
她的研究表明，“双语者”在不断锻炼这种能力，因为两种语言同时都在他们大脑中活跃，他们必须抑制一种语言，才能用另一种语言表达。
This mental exercise might help in other ways, too. Researchers say bilingual children are better able to separate a word from its meaning, and more likely to have friends from different cultures. Bilingual adults are often four to five years later than others in developing dementia or Alzheimer's disease.
这一脑力锻炼在其它方面也有所帮助。研究人员称，双语儿童能更好地区别单词含义，也更有可能结交不同文化背景的朋友。双语成年人患老年痴呆症（又名阿尔茨海默氏病）的时间要比其他人晚4-5年。
Foreign language study has increased in the United States. But linguist⁸ Alison Mackey at Georgetown University points out that English-speaking countries are still far behind the rest of the world.
外语学习在美国有所提升。但乔治城大学的语言学家艾莉森·麦基（Alison Mackey）指出，英语系国家（在外语学习方面）仍远远落后于世界上其他国家。
ALISON MACKEY: "In England, like in the United States, bilingualism is seen as something special and unique and something to be commented on and perhaps work towards, whereas in many other parts of the world being bilingual is just seen as a natural part of life."
麦基：“英国和美国一样，双语被看作特殊的，惹人评论的东西，也可能是努力的方向。而在世界上许多其他地方，双语只是生活中很自然的一部分。”

1 spoke   

n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说

参考例句：

• They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
• The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。

2 advancement   

n.前进，促进，提升

参考例句：

• His new contribution to the advancement of physiology was well appreciated.他对生理学发展的新贡献获得高度赞赏。
• The aim of a university should be the advancement of learning.大学的目标应是促进学术。

3 cognitive   

adj.认知的，认识的，有感知的

参考例句：

• As children grow older,their cognitive processes become sharper.孩子们越长越大，他们的认知过程变得更为敏锐。
• The cognitive psychologist is like the tinker who wants to know how a clock works.认知心理学者倒很像一个需要通晓钟表如何运转的钟表修理匠。

4 psychology   

n.心理，心理学，心理状态

参考例句：

• She has a background in child psychology.她受过儿童心理学的教育。
• He studied philosophy and psychology at Cambridge.他在剑桥大学学习哲学和心理学。

5 lighting   

n.照明，光线的明暗，舞台灯光

参考例句：

• The gas lamp gradually lost ground to electric lighting.煤气灯逐渐为电灯所代替。
• The lighting in that restaurant is soft and romantic.那个餐馆照明柔和而且浪漫。

6 mechanism   

n.机械装置；机构，结构

参考例句：

• The bones and muscles are parts of the mechanism of the body.骨骼和肌肉是人体的组成部件。
• The mechanism of the machine is very complicated.这台机器的结构是非常复杂的。

7 override   

vt.不顾，不理睬，否决；压倒，优先于

参考例句：

• The welfare of a child should always override the wishes of its parents.孩子的幸福安康应该永远比父母的愿望来得更重要。
• I'm applying in advance for the authority to override him.我提前申请当局对他进行否决。

8 linguist   

n.语言学家；精通数种外国语言者

参考例句：

• I used to be a linguist till I become a writer.过去我是个语言学家，后来成了作家。
• Professor Cui has a high reputation as a linguist.崔教授作为语言学家名声很高。