VOA慢速英语2014 急救知识:医疗救助到达之前该做什么

 

First Aid: What to Do Until Medical Help Arrive 急救知识:医疗救助到达之前该做什么

From VOA Learning English, this is Science in the News.  

I’m Mario Ritter. Today, Bob Doughty¹ and Pat Bodnar provide a short guide to first aid. 

Doctors in hospital emergency rooms often see accidental poisonings.  A frightened parent arrives with a child who swallowed a cleaning liquid.  Or perhaps the harmful substance is a medicine.  Or it might be a product meant to kill insects.  These are common causes of accidental poisoning.

In cases like this, seek medical help as soon as possible.  Save the container of whatever caused the poisoning.  And look on the container for information about anything that stops the effects of the poison.

Save anything expelled from the mouth of the victim.  That way, doctors can examine it.  

In the past, some people forced poisoning victims to empty the stomach.  They used a liquid -- syrup² of ipecac -- to do this.  But a leading medical organization no longer advises parents to keep syrup of ipecac.  The American Academy of Pediatrics says some poisons can cause additional damage when they come back up the throat.

Millions of people know how to give abdominal³ thrusts to save a person choking on something trapped in the throat. 

The American Red Cross says a rescuer should first hit the person on the back five times between the shoulder bones.  These back blows may ease the choking.  If the airway⁴ is still blocked, the Red Cross suggests pushing hard five times along the victim's abdomen⁵.  The abdomen is the area between the chest and the hipbones.

You can do these abdominal thrusts by getting directly behind a sitting or standing⁶ person.  Put your arms around the victim's waist.  Close one hand to form a ball.  Place it over the upper part of the stomach, below the ribs⁷.  Place the other hand on top.  Then push forcefully inward and upward.  Repeat the abdominal thrusts until the object is expelled from the mouth.  

For someone in late pregnancy⁸ or who is very fat, place your hands higher than with normal abdominal thrusts.  Place the hands at the base of the breastbone -- just above the place where the lowest ribs join.  Then begin pushing, as with other victims.

The American Heart Association suggests another method in this case.  The group advises chest thrusts instead of abdominal thrusts.  For chest thrusts, put your arms under the victim’s arms and your hands on the center of the victim’s chest. 

Even if you are the person choking, you can still help yourself.  Place a closed hand over the middle of your abdomen just above your waist.  Take hold of that hand with your other hand.  Find a hard surface like a chair and rest your body on it. Then push your closed hand in and up. 

Red Cross experts say taking these steps can save many lives.  But they also say abdominal thrusts are not for people who have almost drowned.  They say using the method could delay other ways to re-start breathing in the victim. 

CPR is cardiopulmonary resuscitation⁹.  It forces air into the lungs and pumps blood and oxygen to the brain.  Doctors say CPR greatly increases the chances that a person whose heart stops will survive.  It increases the chances that he or she will suffer little or no brain damage. 

The American Heart Association suggests two ways of helping¹⁰.  One combines the use of hands to pump the victim’s chest with rescue breathing. The other method is called “Hands-Only CPR.”  

“Hands-Only” is for people who are unwilling¹¹ or unable to perform rescue breathing.  Some people fear infection.  Others say they are afraid of making the patient worse.  

But an expert in emergency medicine says a person cannot be worse than dead.  Dr. Michael Sayre works at Ohio State University.  He strongly urges people in contact with a victim to take action. 

The American Heart Association tells how to take that action.  It says you can recognize a person needing CPR because the person has collapsed¹².  He or she is unconscious -- unable to communicate or react to surroundings or speech.  His or her skin has lost color.  The person is not breathing.  If such conditions describe the situation, chances are the heart has stopped beating. 

You should act by calling for help, or sending someone else.  Even if you cannot do mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing, you can perform Hands-Only CPR.  You can do chest compressions that help to keep blood flowing to the brain, heart and other organs. 

To perform the compressions, place one hand over the other and press firmly on the center of the victim’s chest.  Push down about five centimeters.  Aim for 100 compressions each minute.  Dr. Sayre says you do not need a measuring stick or a timing¹³ device. 

If the heart does not start beating, continue with chest compressions until help arrives.  For a choking victim who is unconscious with no heartbeat, clear the airway first.  Then do chest compressions.

Dr. Sayre suggests that medical workers do both the breathing method and chest compressions.  He says some victims, including babies, need the mouth-to-mouth breathing with the compressions.  Still, the doctor says it is better to do just chest compressions than to do nothing.  CPR is not difficult to learn. Many organizations teach it.

Most CPR training now includes how to use an automated¹⁴ external defibrillator, or AED.  Defibrillators use electric shocks to correct abnormal heartbeats that can lead to sudden death.  Such devices are found increasingly in public places like airports, restaurants and office buildings.  A recorded voice on the AED guides the user.  The voice provides detailed¹⁵ information about what to do. 

The defibrillator of today has developed from the first defibrillators.  Medical historians say the devices appeared late in the 19th century. 

In the 1920s, American Claude Beck performed the first surgical¹⁶ operations to repair damaged hearts.  Doctor Beck worked at what is now called Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Ohio. 

Another doctor, Carl J. Wiggers, had kept laboratory animals with heart stoppage alive by massaging¹⁷ their hearts.  Then he followed this rubbing with electrical defibrillation.  This led Claude Beck in his efforts to help return normal heart actions to human patients.  

In 1947, Doctor Beck saved a patient with a defibrillator device for the first time. The doctor’s success led others to further develop the method and device. Today small, moveable AED’s can identify heart rhythms and produce electricity to treat victims of heart stoppage. 

Bacteria can enter the body through even the smallest cut in the skin.  So medical experts advise people to treat all wounds.  Clean the cut with soap and water.  Then cover the wound while it heals.

The Mayo Clinic health centers suggest several steps if bleeding is severe. First, if possible, have the person lie down and raise the legs. Remove dirt from the wound and press on it with a clean cloth or piece of clothing.  If you cannot find anything clean, use your hand. 

Keep putting pressure on the wound until the bleeding stops or medical help arrives.  Do not remove the cloth if the blood comes through it.  Instead, put another cloth on top and continue pressure.  If the bleeding does not stop with direct pressure, put pressure on the artery¹⁸ that carries blood to the wound. 

In the past, people were advised to stop severe bleeding with a tourniquet¹⁹. This device is made with a stick and a piece of cloth or a belt.  But experts now say tourniquets²⁰ are dangerous because they can crush blood passages and nerves.

If a wound seems infected, let the victim rest.  Physical activity can spread the infection.  Treat the wound with a mixture of salt and water until medical help arrives.  Add nine and one-half milliliters of salt to each liter of boiled water. Place a clean cloth in the mixture and then put the cloth on the wound.  But be sure not to burn the skin.

To learn more about first aid, ask a hospital or organization like a Red Cross or Red Crescent Society for information.  Training may be offered in your area. 

If you know first aid methods, you can be calmer and more helpful in case of emergency. 

This Science in the News program was written by Jerilyn Watson.  Our producer was June Simms.  Your announcers were Bob Doughty and Pat Bodnar.  I’m Mario Ritter.  Listen again next week for more news about science on the Voice of America.

1 doughty   

adj.勇猛的，坚强的

参考例句：

• Most of successful men have the characteristics of contumacy and doughty.绝大多数成功人士都有共同的特质：脾气倔强，性格刚强。
• The doughty old man battled his illness with fierce determination.坚强的老人用巨大毅力与疾病作斗争。

2 syrup   

n.糖浆，糖水

参考例句：

• I skimmed the foam from the boiling syrup.我撇去了煮沸糖浆上的泡沫。
• Tinned fruit usually has a lot of syrup with it.罐头水果通常都有许多糖浆。

3 abdominal   

adj.腹（部）的，下腹的；n.腹肌

参考例句：

• The abdominal aorta is normally smaller than the thoracic aorta.腹主动脉一般比胸主动脉小。
• Abdominal tissues sometimes adhere after an operation.手术之后腹部有时会出现粘连。

4 airway   

n.空中航线，通风口

参考例句：

• Lay them on their side and ensure the airway is unobstructed.让他们侧躺着，并确保呼吸道畅通。
• There is a purple airway in London Airport.伦敦机场里有一条皇家专用飞机跑道。

5 abdomen   

n.腹，下腹(胸部到腿部的部分)

参考例句：

• How to know to there is ascarid inside abdomen?怎样知道肚子里面有蛔虫？
• He was anxious about an off-and-on pain the abdomen.他因时隐时现的腹痛而焦虑。

6 standing   

n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的

参考例句：

• After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
• They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。

7 ribs   

n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 )；（船或屋顶等的）肋拱；肋骨状的东西；（织物的）凸条花纹

参考例句：

• He suffered cracked ribs and bruising. 他断了肋骨还有挫伤。
• Make a small incision below the ribs. 在肋骨下方切开一个小口。

8 pregnancy   

n.怀孕，怀孕期

参考例句：

• Early pregnancy is often accompanied by nausea.怀孕早期常有恶心的现象。
• Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage.怀孕期吸烟会增加流产的危险。

9 resuscitation   

n.复活

参考例句：

• Despite attempts at resuscitation,Mr Lynch died a week later in hospital.虽经全力抢救，但林奇先生一周以后还是在医院去世了。
• We gave him mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and heart massage.我们对他进行了口对口复苏救治和心脏按摩。

10 helping   

n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的

参考例句：

• The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
• By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。

11 unwilling   

adj.不情愿的

参考例句：

• The natives were unwilling to be bent by colonial power.土著居民不愿受殖民势力的摆布。
• His tightfisted employer was unwilling to give him a raise.他那吝啬的雇主不肯给他加薪。

12 collapsed   

adj.倒塌的

参考例句：

• Jack collapsed in agony on the floor. 杰克十分痛苦地瘫倒在地板上。
• The roof collapsed under the weight of snow. 房顶在雪的重压下突然坍塌下来。

13 timing   

n.时间安排，时间选择

参考例句：

• The timing of the meeting is not convenient.会议的时间安排不合适。
• The timing of our statement is very opportune.我们发表声明选择的时机很恰当。

14 automated   

a.自动化的

参考例句：

• The entire manufacturing process has been automated. 整个生产过程已自动化。
• Automated Highway System (AHS) is recently regarded as one subsystem of Intelligent Transport System (ITS). 近年来自动公路系统(Automated Highway System,AHS)，作为智能运输系统的子系统之一越来越受到重视。

15 detailed   

adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的

参考例句：

• He had made a detailed study of the terrain.他对地形作了缜密的研究。
• A detailed list of our publications is available on request.我们的出版物有一份详细的目录备索。

16 surgical   

adj.外科的，外科医生的，手术上的

参考例句：

• He performs the surgical operations at the Red Cross Hospital.他在红十字会医院做外科手术。
• All surgical instruments must be sterilised before use.所有的外科手术器械在使用之前，必须消毒。

17 massaging   

按摩，推拿( massage的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• He watched the prisoner massaging his freed wrists. 他看着那个犯人不断揉搓着刚松开的两只手腕。
• Massaging your leg will ease the cramp. 推拿大腿可解除抽筋。

18 artery   

n.干线，要道；动脉

参考例句：

• We couldn't feel the changes in the blood pressure within the artery.我们无法感觉到动脉血管内血压的变化。
• The aorta is the largest artery in the body.主动脉是人体中的最大动脉。

19 tourniquet   

n.止血器，绞压器，驱血带

参考例句：

• Twist the tourniquet tighter.把止血带扎紧点。
• The tourniquet should occlude venous and lymphatic return.止血带应阻断静脉及淋巴回流。

20 tourniquets   

n.止血带( tourniquet的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Can tourniquets be used in patients with sickle cell disease? 止血带能否用于镰状细胞病患者？ 来自互联网
• Fig. 1-1 A, Straight (rectangular) tourniquets fit optimally on cylindrical limbs. 图1-1A直（长方形）止血带最适合用于柱状的肢体。 来自互联网