日常语法:比较级和最高级

Everyday Grammar: Comparatives and Superlatives 日常语法:比较级和最高级

Adjectives describe and add information about the people or things we see every day. Sometimes, though, we want to know how two things compare to one another.

Let’s start with something light. In 1994, actors Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels made a comic film called “Dumb and Dumber.” Audiences saw the characters do increasingly “dumb” things for laughs.

Here, the adjective form is dumb and the comparative form is dumber. By adding –er to the adjective, you show the difference between two things—that one action or person is dumber than another. This works for adjectives that have one or two syllables¹ such as nice or pretty.

Rules for comparatives

But when a word has three or more syllables, you cannot use the –er suffix² to make a comparison. You cannot say a person or object is “beautifuller” than another. Instead, you say they are more beautiful.

There is a rule you can remember to help with comparatives. If a word has more than two syllables, you do not use the suffix –er. Instead, you use the adjective more before the adjective of comparison. For example, “The test this week was more difficult than the one last week.” 

Other comparatives, especially in advertising³, may not directly mention which two nouns are being compared. The retail⁴ giant Wal-Mart has an advertisement that simply says, “live better.” Live better than whom?  So if a laundry detergent⁵ advertisement claims to make colors brighter, you may ask, “brighter than what?”

When the nouns that are being compared are not specifically stated, you can call it an empty comparison.

Listen for the comparative in this song by Steve Winwood.

We walk blind and we try to see

Falling behind in what could be

Bring me a higher love

Bring me a higher love…

Farther and further

Watch out for irregular forms of comparatives. There are some common one-syllable adjectives that can be confusing. The adjective far is an example. It seems logical that the comparative of far would be farrer. But the comparative of far is farther. “My house is farther from work than yours.”

Another comparative form of far is further, as in “Her career has progressed further than his.” Traditionally, farther refers to a distance that can be measured. Further refers to a distance that cannot be measured. Nowadays, many people use farther and further interchangeably. This confusing exception has to do with spelling and pronunciation changes in English during the Middle Ages.

Good, better, best

Comparatives like these do not tell us too much about the degree of comparison. So we can always compare things that are similar as long as they are a little different. For example, the planet Saturn⁶ is big--more than 116,000 kilometers across. But the planet Jupiter is bigger. On the other end of the scale, an ant, a very small insect, is longer than a mite⁷.

What if we are trying to make a specific comparison between many things? Then we use the superlative. The superlative describes the highest degree of something.  

The comparative of good is better. The superlative form is best.

Listen to singer Tina Turner use the superlative in her hit song, “Simply the Best.”

You're the best

Better than all the rest

Better than anyone

Anyone I've ever met…

Bad, worse, worst

On the other end, the comparative of bad is worse, and the superlative is worst. Little becomes less and then there is least, comparatively speaking. You have to pay attention with comparative adjectives, but adding –est to regular adjectives gives you the superlative form.

However, as with the comparative form, if the adjective has more than two syllables, use the most to form the superlative. You can hear the superlative with the most followed by a three-syllable adjective in this song by Prince.

Could you be

The most beautiful girl in the world

Many Americans celebrate the Halloween holiday on the last day of October. Halloween is associated with the spirits of the dead and all things frightening and terrifying. Young people wear scary costumes. The time of year can be termed spooky. When comparing we could say one costume is spookier than another. But the most frightening of all is the spookiest.

Rounding out our survey, let’s look ahead to the end of the year and the Christmas holiday. Some might say it is the best time of the year whether for its religious significance or the spirit of giving during that holiday season. Some might say it is the most wonderful time of the year.

Words in This Story

empty comparison –n. a comparative form used without a specific comparison

syllables –n. any one of the parts into which a word is naturally divided when it is pronounced containing a vowel and a consonant

1 syllables   

n.音节( syllable的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• a word with two syllables 双音节单词
• 'No. But I'll swear it was a name of two syllables.' “想不起。不过我可以发誓，它有两个音节。” 来自英汉文学 - 双城记

2 suffix   

n.后缀；vt.添后缀

参考例句：

• We add the suffix "ly" to make the adjective "quick" into the adverb " quickly ".我们在形容词“ quick”后加“ly” 构成副词“quickly”。
• It described the meaning of suffix array and also how to built it.它描述的含义，后缀数组以及如何建立它。

3 advertising   

n.广告业；广告活动 a.广告的；广告业务的

参考例句：

• Can you give me any advice on getting into advertising? 你能指点我如何涉足广告业吗?
• The advertising campaign is aimed primarily at young people. 这个广告宣传运动主要是针对年轻人的。

4 retail   

v./n.零售；adv.以零售价格

参考例句：

• In this shop they retail tobacco and sweets.这家铺子零售香烟和糖果。
• These shoes retail at 10 yuan a pair.这些鞋子零卖10元一双。

5 detergent   

n.洗涤剂；adj.有洗净力的

参考例句：

• He recommended a new detergent to me.他向我推荐一种新的洗涤剂。
• This detergent can remove stubborn stains.这种去污剂能去除难洗的污渍。

6 Saturn   

n.农神，土星

参考例句：

• Astronomers used to ask why only Saturn has rings.天文学家们过去一直感到奇怪，为什么只有土星有光环。
• These comparisons suggested that Saturn is made of lighter materials.这些比较告诉我们，土星由较轻的物质构成。

7 mite   

n.极小的东西；小铜币

参考例句：

• The poor mite was so ill.可怜的孩子病得这么重。
• He is a mite taller than I.他比我高一点点。