VOA新闻杂志2023--James K. Polk: Dark Horse

James K. Polk: Dark Horse

VOA Learning English presents America's Presidents.

James Knox Polk moved into the White House as the 11th president of the United States in 1845.

Few had predicted that Polk would become president. Even he was surprised.

Polk had come to his party's presidential nominating convention nearly a year earlier with low expectations. But the top politicians, including former president Martin Van Buren, failed to win a majority of votes.

Convention delegates tried again and again to agree on a candidate. Eventually, Polk was nominated. A small number of delegates supported him. Then the delegates voted again.

This time, Polk received all 266 votes. He became the first dark horse candidate in U.S. history to be nominated by a major party. In other words, he was someone no one thought would win. But he did.

Early life

Polk was born in the southeastern state of North Carolina. When he was a child, his family moved west, to Tennessee. At the time, Tennessee had few white settlers. Some considered it the wilderness¹.

Polk's family did well there. His father became wealthy, buying land and enslaved people.

His mother Jane, who followed strict, Christian² religious teachings, gave her 10 children a good education. James was the oldest. He went to college, then studied law.

When he was 25, he married an intelligent and wealthy young woman named Sarah Childress. The two never had children. But they worked together to launch Polk's political career.

In time, Polk was elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives, then the national House of Representatives.

There, he developed a close relationship with President Andrew Jackson. Since Jackson was called "Old Hickory," Polk became known as "Young Hickory."

When Polk left Congress and returned to Tennessee to become governor, he supported Jackson's banking³ reforms. But soon the U.S. economy collapsed⁴. Tennessee voters failed to re-elect Polk as governor – not once, but twice.

So Polk returned to his plantations⁶ and waited for a chance to re-enter national politics.

In 1844, Polk traveled to the city of Baltimore to attend the Democratic Party's national convention. He thought he could perhaps win the nomination⁷ for vice⁸ president. Instead, he became the Democrats⁹' candidate for president.

Several months later, he narrowly defeated the opposing party's candidate in the national election.

Why Polk won

Historian Robert Merry wrote a book about Polk's presidency¹⁰. Merry says one reason Polk won the election was the issue of Texas. Polk wanted to make Texas a state. He thought the United States could take possession of the area peacefully. The other leading candidates did not.

Merry says the other candidates were right – the United States eventually went to war with Mexico. But Polk spoke¹¹ for the American people.

In the 1840s, many Americans liked the idea of expanding the country. They believed in "manifest destiny" -- the idea that God wanted America to expand west, all the way to the Pacific Ocean, and take control of the continent.

As a result, many voters supported Polk and his promise to add Texas to the United States.

Polk took another unusual position in the 1844 election. He said if he won the presidency, he would serve only one term -- that is, four years. (Several previous presidents had served two terms.)

Polk told voters presidents might abuse their power if they held office too long. One term, he said, would be enough for him.

But Robert Merry says there was more to Polk's one-term promise. It was a political bet.

Polk thought if he said he would serve as president for only one term, other party leaders might help him win. Then, those politicians could try again to win the presidency in four years, instead of waiting eight.

He was probably right. If Polk had not made the campaign promise, Merry says, Young Hickory would not have won.

Presidency

During the first days of his administration, James K. Polk famously listed the four things he planned to do as president.

He wanted to reduce taxes on imports. He wished to establish an independent treasury¹². He hoped to settle the dispute with Britain over the Oregon border. And he wanted to get California for the United States.

Less than four years later, Polk had realized each item on his list.

He is remembered for greatly expanding the size of the United States. He successfully negotiated with Britain for U.S. control over territory in the west up to the 49th parallel. The agreement gave the U.S. the current states of Oregon, Idaho, and Washington.

Below those states lay California.

An American government minister once described California as the richest, the most beautiful, and the healthiest country in the world. The official said the port of San Francisco was big enough to hold all the navies of the world. He said someday San Francisco would control the trade of all the Pacific Ocean.

There was only one problem, from the point of view of the U.S. government. California was part of Mexico.

At first, U.S. officials attempted to buy California from Mexico. But Mexican officials refused even to talk about selling California to the United States.

Shortly after the U.S. Congress approved statehood for Texas in early 1845, Mexico broke relations with the U.S. all together.

The following year, Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and clashed with American soldiers.

In answer, President Polk asked Congress to declare war.

He did not think the conflict would last long. He believed the U.S. declaration would quickly force Mexico to sell him the territory he wanted.

Polk was wrong. Historian Robert Merry says the war with Mexico lasted longer, was more expensive, and cost more lives than he expected.

But in the 1848 treaty that ended the war, Polk got the land he had wanted.

Mexico recognized the independence of Texas, and it sold the areas that are now all or part of the states of Arizona, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Wyoming, Colorado and, yes, California.

Legacy¹³

President Polk kept his promise to serve only one term. After four years, he retired¹⁴ from the presidency, traveled for a few weeks, and then returned to Tennessee to settle in a new home.

Only three months after he left the White House, Polk died.

He left behind a much larger country, but a divided one.

The issue was again slavery. Southerners argued that they had the right to take enslaved people into California and other former Mexican lands. Northerners opposed any further spread of slavery.

The question was this: did Congress have the power to control – or even ban – slavery in the new territories?

Words in This Story

convention - n. a large meeting of people who come to a place for usually several days to talk about their shared work

strict - adj. carefully obeying the rules or principles of a religion or a particular way of life

plantation⁵ - n. a large area of land especially in a hot part of the world where crops (such as cotton) are grown

manifest destiny - n. a future event that is sure to happen; a destiny that can be clearly seen and that cannot be changed

bet - n. a choice made by thinking about what will probably happen

parallel - n. any one of the imaginary circles on the surface of the Earth that are parallel to the equator and that are shown as lines on maps

expensive - adj. costing a lot of money

ill - adj. not well or healthy

1 wilderness   

n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠

参考例句：

• She drove the herd of cattle through the wilderness.她赶着牛群穿过荒野。
• Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means.荒凉地区的教育不是钱财问题。

2 Christian   

adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒

参考例句：

• They always addressed each other by their Christian name.他们总是以教名互相称呼。
• His mother is a sincere Christian.他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒。

3 banking   

n.银行业，银行学，金融业

参考例句：

• John is launching his son on a career in banking.约翰打算让儿子在银行界谋一个新职位。
• He possesses an extensive knowledge of banking.他具有广博的银行业务知识。

4 collapsed   

adj.倒塌的

参考例句：

• Jack collapsed in agony on the floor. 杰克十分痛苦地瘫倒在地板上。
• The roof collapsed under the weight of snow. 房顶在雪的重压下突然坍塌下来。

5 plantation   

n.种植园，大农场

参考例句：

• His father-in-law is a plantation manager.他岳父是个种植园经营者。
• The plantation owner has possessed himself of a vast piece of land.这个种植园主把大片土地占为己有。

6 plantations   

n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Soon great plantations, supported by slave labor, made some families very wealthy. 不久之后出现了依靠奴隶劳动的大庄园，使一些家庭成了富豪。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
• Winterborne's contract was completed, and the plantations were deserted. 维恩特波恩的合同完成后，那片林地变得荒废了。 来自辞典例句

7 nomination   

n.提名，任命，提名权

参考例句：

• John is favourite to get the nomination for club president.约翰最有希望被提名为俱乐部主席。
• Few people pronounced for his nomination.很少人表示赞成他的提名。

8 vice   

n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的

参考例句：

• He guarded himself against vice.他避免染上坏习惯。
• They are sunk in the depth of vice.他们堕入了罪恶的深渊。

9 democrats   

n.民主主义者，民主人士( democrat的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The Democrats held a pep rally on Capitol Hill yesterday. 民主党昨天在国会山召开了竞选誓师大会。
• The democrats organize a filibuster in the senate. 民主党党员组织了阻挠议事。 来自《简明英汉词典》

10 presidency   

n.总统(校长，总经理)的职位(任期)

参考例句：

• Roosevelt was elected four times to the presidency of the United States.罗斯福连续当选四届美国总统。
• Two candidates are emerging as contestants for the presidency.两位候选人最终成为总统职位竞争者。

11 spoke   

n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说

参考例句：

• They sourced the spoke nuts from our company.他们的轮辐螺帽是从我们公司获得的。
• The spokes of a wheel are the bars that connect the outer ring to the centre.辐条是轮子上连接外圈与中心的条棒。

12 treasury   

n.宝库；国库，金库；文库

参考例句：

• The Treasury was opposed in principle to the proposals.财政部原则上反对这些提案。
• This book is a treasury of useful information.这本书是有价值的信息宝库。

13 legacy   

n.遗产，遗赠；先人(或过去)留下的东西

参考例句：

• They are the most precious cultural legacy our forefathers left.它们是我们祖先留下来的最宝贵的文化遗产。
• He thinks the legacy is a gift from the Gods.他认为这笔遗产是天赐之物。

14 retired   

adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的

参考例句：

• The old man retired to the country for rest.这位老人下乡休息去了。
• Many retired people take up gardening as a hobby.许多退休的人都以从事园艺为嗜好。