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The Taliban’s Rule in Afghanistan after Two Years
塔利班对阿富汗两年的统治
Two years ago Tuesday, the Taliban seized control of Afghanistan after NATO forces pulled out of the country. The Taliban are still the clear rulers. And the Taliban face no serious opposition1 that could defeat them.
两年前的这个周二，在北约部队撤出阿富汗后，塔利班夺取了对阿富汗的控制权。塔利班仍然是明确的统治者。并且塔利班没有遇到任何可以击败他们的强力反对力量。
They have avoided divisions by falling in line behind their leader. They have kept alive a struggling economy, in part by holding investment talks with neighboring countries. They have improved domestic security by suppressing armed groups like the Islamic State. They say they are fighting corruption2 and opium3 production.
他们与领导人保持一致，从而避免了分裂。他们通过与邻国展开投资谈判，在一定程度上维持了陷入困境的经济。他们通过镇压伊斯兰国等武装组织改善了国内安全。他们说他们正在打击腐败和鸦片生产。
But their bans on Afghan girls and women have been a major part of the Taliban's second year in power. They barred women and girls from parks, gyms, universities, jobs and nongovernmental groups and the United Nations. These orders followed an earlier ban, issued in the first year of Taliban rule, on girls going to school beyond sixth grade.
但他们对阿富汗女性的禁令是塔利班执政第二年的主要内容。他们禁止女性进入公园、健身房、大学、工作场所、非政府组织和联合国。在这些禁令之前，是塔利班统治首年发布的禁止女孩上六年级以上年级的早期禁令。
Here is a closer look at Taliban rule.
下面我们来仔细看看塔利班的统治。
Why have they excluded women from many areas of public life?
为什么他们把妇女排除在众多公共生活领域之外？
The Taliban say they are putting in place their view of Islamic law, or Sharia, in Afghanistan. This leaves no space for anything they believe is foreign or secular4, including permitting women to work or study. This view of Islam is what drove the Taliban in the late 1990s, when they first seized power in the country. It still drives them today.
塔利班表示，他们正在阿富汗落实他们对伊斯兰教法的见解。这让他们认为是外国或世俗的东西失去了生存空间，包括允许女性工作或学习。这种对伊斯兰教的见解在20世纪90年代末塔利班首次夺取政权时激励着他们。时至今日，它仍然激励着他们。
Hibatullah Akhundzada is the Taliban supreme5 leader. He has praised the changes since the takeover in August of 2021. He claims life improved for Afghan women after foreign troops left and after the Islamic head covering, or hijab, became required again.
海巴图拉·阿洪扎达是塔利班最高领导人。他赞扬了自2021年8月掌权以来的变化。他声称，在外国军队离开以及再次要求佩戴伊斯兰头巾后，阿富汗妇女的生活有所改善。
What was the reaction to these bans?
对这些禁令有何反应？
Foreign governments, rights groups and international organizations denounced the restrictions6. The U.N. said the bans were a major obstacle to the Taliban gaining international standing7 as the recognized government of Afghanistan. The country is losing foreign aid as major donors8 cut off their support.
外国政府、人权组织和国际组织谴责这些禁令。联合国表示，这些禁令是塔利班作为公认的阿富汗政府获得国际地位的主要障碍。由于主要捐助国切断了支持，该国正在失去外国援助。
What are living conditions like in Afghanistan?
阿富汗的生活条件如何？
Nearly 80 percent of the previous, Western-backed Afghan government's budget came from foreign aid. The aid paid for hospitals, schools, factories and government ministries9. That money is now largely cut off. The COVID-19 pandemic, medical shortages, climate change and hunger have made life very hard for Afghans. But aid agencies have helped provide basic services, including health care.
此前，西方支持的阿富汗政府的预算中，有近80%来自外国援助。这些援助用于承担医院、学校、工厂和政府部门的开支。这笔钱现在基本上被切断了。新冠肺炎大流行、医疗短缺、气候变化和饥饿使阿富汗人的生活非常艰难。但援助机构帮助提供了包括医疗保健在内的基本服务。
How likely are the Taliban to change direction?
塔利班转向的可能性有多大？
If the Taliban changes direction, it would likely be up to Akhundzada. He is behind the bans on women and girls. His laws are formed in the language of Islamic law and are absolute. The bans will only be lifted if Akhundzada orders it.
如果塔利班要转向，这很可能取决于阿洪扎达。他是对女性禁令的幕后推手。他的法律是用伊斯兰法律的语言形成的，是绝对权威。只有阿洪扎达下令，禁令才会解除。
Some Taliban leaders have spoken out against the way decisions are made. There has been disagreement about the bans on women and girls. But the Taliban's spokesman denounced these reports as propaganda.
一些塔利班领导人公开反对这种做决定的方式。关于对女性的禁令一直存在分歧。但塔利班发言人谴责这些报道是宣传战。
International recognition
国际认可
Aid officials say the Taliban consider recognition as an entitlement, not something to be negotiated. The officials also say the Taliban sees meetings with powerful nations like China and Russia as signs that they are building international relations.
援助官员表示，塔利班将国际认可视为一种权利，而非谈判的对象。这些官员还说，塔利班将与中国和俄罗斯等强国的会晤视为他们正在建立国际关系的标志。
The Taliban are not officially in the international community. But they appear to have enough interaction with countries to slowly move toward normal international relations. Countries like China, Russia and Pakistan want an end to sanctions.
塔利班没有正式加入国际社会。但他们似乎与各国有足够的互动，缓慢走向正常的国际关系。中国、俄罗斯和巴基斯坦等国希望结束对塔利班的制裁。
What opposition is there to the Taliban?
有什么塔利班的反对力量？
There is no armed or political opposition with enough support to remove the Taliban from power. A fighting force resisting Taliban rule north of Kabul is being violently defeated.
没有任何武装或政治反对派得到足够的支持，可以推翻塔利班的政权。一支抵抗塔利班在喀布尔北部统治的战斗部队被暴力击败。
The Islamic State has struck targets in deadly bombings. But the militants10 lack fighters, money and other resources for a major fight against the Taliban.
伊斯兰国用致命爆炸袭击目标。但这些武装分子缺乏战斗人员、资金和其他资源来对抗塔利班。
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opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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opium
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| n.鸦片；adj.鸦片的 | |
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secular
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| n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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restrictions
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| 约束( restriction的名词复数 )； 管制； 制约因素； 带限制性的条件（或规则） | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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donors
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| n.捐赠者( donor的名词复数 )；献血者；捐血者；器官捐献者 | |
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ministries
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| （政府的）部( ministry的名词复数 )； 神职； 牧师职位； 神职任期 | |
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militants
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| 激进分子，好斗分子( militant的名词复数 ) | |
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