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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
By Al Pessin
Pentagon
06 September 2006
The U.S. Defense1 Department has issued new rules for the treatment of detainees and for conduct by interrogators that officials say are designed to ensure humane2 treatment and prevent the kind of abuses that have happened in recent years. The rules incorporate a part of the Geneva Conventions on the conduct of war that some had argued should not apply to detainees unless they are members of a recognized army.
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 US soldiers stand guard by an Afghan prisoner near Zunchorah Village in Khost |
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"It sets out policy guidance for all DOD [Department of Defense] detention5 operations that is necessary and appropriate to ensure the safe, secure and humane detention of enemy combatants, both lawful6 and unlawful, regardless of the nature of the conflict," said Stimson. "The standard of humane treatment articulated in this directive reflects U.S. law and policy, and provides detainees protections that reflect our values as Americans."
The directive says the treatment of all detainees must at least meet the Article Three standard, and that official prisoners of war, from formal armies, are entitled to additional protections. Secretary Stimson listed some of the types of treatment that are prohibited for all detainees, including some prohibitions7 he says go beyond the Geneva requirements.
"Cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment, outrages8 upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment, murder, torture, corporal punishment, mutilation, taking of hostages, collective punishments, execution without a trial by proper authority, threats or acts of violence, including rape9 or forced prostitution, assault and thefts, public curiosity [displaying detainees], bodily injury and reprisals," he said.
The new policy requires that detainees be allowed to practice their religion. It also specifies10 that departures from the policy can not be justified11 by what it calls "the stress of combat or deep provocation12."
The documents issued Wednesday are the result of more than a year of what Stimson called "robust13" discussion in the Defense Department and other parts of the U.S. government. He says they incorporate nearly all the recommendations of 12 investigations14 of detainee abuse claims in the last two years, as well as U.S. Supreme15 Court rulings that require stricter standards than some officials wanted to set.
At Human Rights Watch, which has frequently criticized the treatment of detainees in U.S. military custody16, Jennifer Daskal says the group is "very pleased" with Wednesday's policy documents.
"What's important is that for the first time in a very long time there is a clear policy from on high that will hopefully be communicated down the chain of command that's an important and significant shift from what happened in February of 2002, when administration officials and others suggested that the Geneva Conventions and humane treatment requirements did not apply," she said.
The second document issued Wednesday was a long-awaited update of the U.S. Army's field manual covering interrogation rules. Officials say the manual has the force of law and applies to all U.S. military services. Lieutenant17 General John Kimmons, the head of army intelligence, says the army is more than doubling the number of interrogators in the field in an effort to increase the amount of actionable information that commanders receive. He says the new manual specifies 19 methods of interrogation that are the only ones allowed, and prohibits many practices that were against the rules before, but were done in some cases anyway.
"Interrogators may not force a detainee to be naked, perform sexual acts or pose in a sexual manner," said General Kimmons. "They can not use hoods18 or place sacs over a detainee's head or use duct tape over his eyes. They can not beat or electrically shock or burn him, or inflict19 other forms of physical pain, any form of physical pain."
He also says excessive cold or heat, mock executions and deprivation20 of food, water and medical care are not allowed. And no dogs may be used in interrogations. The new rules also ban a controversial tactic21 allegedly used by U.S. interrogators on terror suspects called "waterboarding," a technique that makes people feel they are being drowned.
The general says there was concern that the restrictions22 might limit the amount of intelligence that would be gathered, but he says he is "very comfortable" with the new rules.
"No good intelligence is going to come from abusive practices," he said. "I think history tells us that. I think the empirical evidence of the last five years, hard years, tell us that.
The two documents issued Wednesday require extensive training of military personnel involved in detention and interrogation, and that detainee operations be a routine part of operational exercises. They also say troops at all levels, including top commanders, will be held responsible for following the rules.
The military has been criticized for only punishing relatively23 low-level troops in recent abuse cases. In addition, troops are required to report any violations24 of the rules, even if their commanders endorse25 the violations. The new rules also cover civilians26 under contract to the Defense Department, as well as any U.S. government employees, such as CIA operatives, if they work in Defense Department facilities.
Other aspects of the rules that reflect lessons of the scandal at the Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad and other abuse cases include requirements for surprise inspections27 by commanders and access for the International Committee of the Red Cross to all facilities and detainees, and prohibitions against military health care workers helping28 interrogators and military police 'softening29 up' detainees through mistreatment to prepare them for interrogation.
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defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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oversight
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| n.勘漏，失察，疏忽 | |
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impartial
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| adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的 | |
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detention
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| n.滞留，停留；拘留，扣留；(教育)留下 | |
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lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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prohibitions
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| 禁令，禁律( prohibition的名词复数 )； 禁酒； 禁例 | |
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outrages
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| 引起…的义愤，激怒( outrage的第三人称单数 ) | |
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rape
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| n.抢夺，掠夺，强奸；vt.掠夺，抢夺，强奸 | |
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specifies
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| v.指定( specify的第三人称单数 )；详述；提出…的条件；使具有特性 | |
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justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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provocation
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| n.激怒，刺激，挑拨，挑衅的事物，激怒的原因 | |
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robust
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| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
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investigations
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| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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custody
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| n.监护，照看，羁押，拘留 | |
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lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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hoods
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| n.兜帽( hood的名词复数 )；头巾；（汽车、童车等的）折合式车篷；汽车发动机罩v.兜帽( hood的第三人称单数 )；头巾；（汽车、童车等的）折合式车篷；汽车发动机罩 | |
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inflict
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| vt.(on)把…强加给，使遭受，使承担 | |
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deprivation
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| n.匮乏；丧失；夺去，贫困 | |
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tactic
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| n.战略，策略；adj.战术的，有策略的 | |
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restrictions
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| 约束( restriction的名词复数 )； 管制； 制约因素； 带限制性的条件（或规则） | |
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relatively
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| adv.比较...地，相对地 | |
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violations
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| 违反( violation的名词复数 )； 冒犯； 违反（行为、事例）； 强奸 | |
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endorse
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| vt.(支票、汇票等)背书，背署；批注；同意 | |
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civilians
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| 平民，百姓( civilian的名词复数 )； 老百姓 | |
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inspections
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| n.检查( inspection的名词复数 )；检验；视察；检阅 | |
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helping
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| n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的 | |
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softening
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| 变软，软化 | |
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