VOA标准英语2010年-1001 Inventions and Muslim Heritage

Coffee, computers and piston¹ engines - could we imagine a world without them?  These are intricate parts of every day life for most of us and the knowledge that led to them was either invented by or passed down through the ancient Muslim world.  That's the theme of an exhibit in London's Science Museum and it's a far cry from the view held by some that the Muslim and Western World represent a "clash of civilizations".

It has become an intricate part of so many cultures - that cup of coffee - latte, cappuccino, espresso.  It's "Kawha" - where it was first developed as a drink - in the Arabian Peninsula, in today's Yemen.

Professor Salim al Hassani of the University of Manchester explains the coffee beans were actually brought to Yemen, from Ethiopia. "Well of course, coffee was invented in the very early years of Islam - a guy called Khaled in Ethiopia, a young man looking after his sheep," he said.

The sheep seemed to like the beans. So the young man took the beans to Yemen - the story goes -- and the drink was developed.

And there were many other inventions or innovations passed on by the early Muslim world from the 7th Century onward². "One of them is the invention of the university.  This was done in the year 850 by a young lady called Fatima al-Firhi in the city of Fez in Morocco.  The first university as we know it in the world, giving degrees and so on," he said.

And that's the theme of this exhibit at the London Science Museum.  It's called 1001 inventions: the Muslim Heritage - a bit like "1001 Arabian Nights" the well known fairy tale.

But, the exhibit here focuses on scientific or technological³ inventions and advances that changed our world -- from some of the earliest universities, to innovations in medicine, hygiene⁴, pumps, and water wheels.

"Forgotten history?  Not really. Ask just about anyone on the streets of Cairo or Damascus today and they'll readily tell you about Islam's glory days - not just its conquests but its cultural, scientific and technological innovations."

These advances came at the height of the Islamic empire's glory when it spread from the Middle East, across North Africa to southern Spain and beyond. "During that time, which is about 1,000 years, there were enormous contributions in science and technology, that came to us from other civilizations over another very important civilization and that is the Muslim civilization," he said.

Muslims absorbed knowledge - from India, China, the Greeks, the ancient Egyptians - and passed it on, a bit like this replica⁵ of the elephant clock designed by the Muslim inventor, mathematician⁶ and engineer al Jazari in the early 13th Century.

Anne Marie Brennan teaches forensic⁷ biology at London's South Bank University and is fascinated by these innovations. The clock with its giant Indian elephant and Chinese dragons is her favorite. "The elephant clock is wonderful because it is like a United Nations clock. It has all the elements of different civilizations and I like it as a scientist because it shows that science doesn't have to be boring and sterile⁸ and plain, but it can be decorative⁹ and it can also pay homage¹⁰ to the cultures that bring it forward," she said.

And then there is mathematics and algebra¹¹. In general, our numbers are known as Arabic numerals today, but it wasn't always so. "The numbers that we have today - 1,2,3,4 - they're called Arabic numerals, but actually the Arabs at the time called them Indian numerals," he said.

And, the number "0" for example - "zephir" in Arabic - was used first by early Arab scholars as an integral part of mathematical equations.  And that's part of the all-important formula of zeros and ones that was crucial to the development of computers and other new technology.

And, much like coffee, what would we do today without it?

 

1 piston   

n.活塞

参考例句：

• They use a piston engine instead.他们改用活塞发动机。
• The piston moves by steam pressure.活塞在蒸汽压力下运动。

2 onward   

adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先

参考例句：

• The Yellow River surges onward like ten thousand horses galloping.黄河以万马奔腾之势滚滚向前。
• He followed in the steps of forerunners and marched onward.他跟随着先辈的足迹前进。

3 technological   

adj.技术的；工艺的

参考例句：

• A successful company must keep up with the pace of technological change.一家成功的公司必须得跟上技术变革的步伐。
• Today,the pace of life is increasing with technological advancements.当今， 随着科技进步，生活节奏不断增快。

4 hygiene   

n.健康法，卫生学 （a.hygienic）

参考例句：

• Their course of study includes elementary hygiene and medical theory.他们的课程包括基础卫生学和医疗知识。
• He's going to give us a lecture on public hygiene.他要给我们作关于公共卫生方面的报告。

5 replica   

n.复制品

参考例句：

• The original conservatory has been rebuilt in replica.温室已按原样重建。
• The young artist made a replica of the famous painting.这位年轻的画家临摹了这幅著名的作品。

6 mathematician   

n.数学家

参考例句：

• The man with his back to the camera is a mathematician.背对着照相机的人是位数学家。
• The mathematician analyzed his figures again.这位数学家再次分析研究了他的这些数字。

7 forensic   

adj.法庭的，雄辩的

参考例句：

• The report included his interpretation of the forensic evidence.该报告包括他对法庭证据的诠释。
• The judge concluded the proceeding on 10:30 Am after one hour of forensic debate.经过近一个小时的法庭辩论后，法官于10时30分宣布休庭。

8 sterile   

adj.不毛的，不孕的，无菌的，枯燥的，贫瘠的

参考例句：

• This top fits over the bottle and keeps the teat sterile.这个盖子严实地盖在奶瓶上，保持奶嘴无菌。
• The farmers turned the sterile land into high fields.农民们把不毛之地变成了高产田。

9 decorative   

adj.装饰的，可作装饰的

参考例句：

• This ware is suitable for decorative purpose but unsuitable for utility.这种器皿中看不中用。
• The style is ornate and highly decorative.这种风格很华丽，而且装饰效果很好。

10 homage   

n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬

参考例句：

• We pay homage to the genius of Shakespeare.我们对莎士比亚的天才表示敬仰。
• The soldiers swore to pay their homage to the Queen.士兵们宣誓效忠于女王陛下。

11 algebra   

n.代数学

参考例句：

• He was not good at algebra in middle school.他中学时不擅长代数。
• The boy can't figure out the algebra problems.这个男孩做不出这道代数题。