中国全面推动制造强国战略,引发欧美担忧

 　　BEIJING — China has charted out a $300 billion plan to become nearly self-sufficient by 2025 in a range of important industries, from planes to computer chips to electric cars, as it looks to kick-start its next stage of economic development.

　　北京——中国在启动下一个经济发展阶段之际，制定了一项耗资3000亿美元的计划，到2025年之前要在包括飞机、计算机芯片和电动汽车在内的一系列重要行业基本实现自给自足。

　　But big companies in the rest of the world worry that it is more than that: an unfair advantage in China’s home court, and perhaps elsewhere.

　　但世界其他地区的大企业担心的不止于此：在国内市场，或许还有其他地方，中国恐怕会享有不公平优势。

　　A report by a European business group on Tuesday said the “Made in China 2025” program, which calls for enormous Chinese government assistance to 10 industries, would force out competitors from abroad and lead to government-subsidized global players that would compete unfairly. Indeed, the Chinese government’s plan says Chinese industries that benefit should own as much as 80 percent of their home market in just eight years.

　　欧洲一家商业机构周二发表报告称，《中国制造2025》号召为十个行业提供巨大的政府支持，会将国外竞争者挤出中国市场，造就拿政府补贴进行不公平竞争的全球玩家。实际上中国政府的这项计划称，在短短八年时间里，获益的中国行业在国内市场的占有率应该达到80%。

　　“The Chinese make it clear that they want to be the global champion” and are trying to carve out market share now, said Joerg Wuttke, the president of the European Union Chamber¹ of Commerce in China, which wrote the report.

　　现在，“中国明确表示它想成为全球冠军”，而且在竭力开拓市场份额，撰写该报告的中国欧盟商会(European Union Chamber of Commerce in China)主席约尔格·伍德克(Joerg Wuttke)说。

　　The plan’s mechanism² is simple: It would provide large, low-interest loans from state-owned investment funds and development banks; assistance in buying foreign competitors; and extensive research subsidies³, all with the goal of making China largely self-sufficient in the targeted industries.

　　这项计划的机制很简单：国有投资基金和发展银行将提供大量低息贷款；协助收购国外竞争者；提供大量的研究补贴，目的都是让中国在目标行业基本实现自给自足。

　　Although European and American government officials have expressed misgivings⁴ about the plan, the Chinese government has made clear in recent days that it plans to press on.

　　尽管欧洲和美国政府官员表达了对这项计划的疑虑，但中国政府在最近几天明确表示，它打算加紧推进该计划。

　　“We will fully⁵ implement⁶ our plan for developing strategic emerging industries,” Premier⁷ Li Keqiang said in his annual speech to the National People’s Congress on Sunday. “We will accelerate R. & D. on and commercialization of new materials, artificial intelligence, integrated circuits, bio-pharmacy, 5G mobile communications and other technologies, and develop industrial clusters in these fields.”

　　“全面实施战略性新兴产业发展规划，”国务院总理李克强上周日在一年一度的人民代表大会发言中讲道。“加快新材料、人工智能、集成电路、生物制药、第五代移动通信等技术研发和转化，做大做强产业集群。”

　　In addition to the sectors⁸ Mr. Li cited, the plan also covers the manufacturing of aircraft, robots, electric cars, rail equipment, ships and agricultural machinery⁹. China seeks to wean itself off imports from companies like Boeing, Airbus, General Electric, Siemens, Nissan, Renault, Samsung and Intel.

　　除了李克强提到的这些行业，该计划还覆盖了飞机、机器人、电动汽车、铁路设备、船舶和农业机械制造领域。中国力图使自己摆脱从波音(Boeing)、空中客车(Airbus)、通用电气(General Electric)、西门子(Siemens)、日产(Nissan)、雷诺(Renault)、三星(Samsung)和英特尔(Intel)等企业进口产品的局面。

　　The Chinese government has long worried that the country’s economy is still too concentrated in fairly low-end manufacturing. Making and assembling Apple iPhone components¹⁰, for instance, is done by hundreds of thousands of workers in China, while the better-paid, value-added design and marketing¹¹ work is done in the United States, although by many fewer employees.

　　一直以来，中国政府担心本国经济太集中于低端的制造业。比如，制造和组装苹果公司(Apple)的iPhone手机零件是在中国由几十万工人完成，而报酬更高、附加值更大的设计和市场营销工作则是在美国进行，尽管这类工作需要的员工要少很多。

　　Although a large-scale shift of factories from the West to China has created tens of millions of Chinese jobs, the country’s leaders worry that an increasingly well-educated younger generation is rejecting factory work for higher-paid office jobs.

　　虽说工厂大规模地从西方搬到中国为其创造了数以千万计的工作机会，但这个国家的领导层担心受教育程度越来越高的更年轻一代不愿意在工厂工作，而是寻找报酬更高的办公室工作。

　　But the report by the European Union Chamber of Commerce in China was lengthy¹² and critical. The United States Chamber of Commerce in Washington plans to issue a similar report next week.

　　但中国欧盟商会的那份报告不仅篇幅长，而且是批评性的。位于华盛顿的美国商会(The United States Chamber of Commerce)计划下周发布一份类似的报告。

　　The Chinese Communist Party has long relied on five-year plans to guide national economic growth. But “Made in China 2025” sets out broader targets.

　　中国共产党长期依赖五年计划来指导全国的经济增长。但《中国制造2025》开始制定更广泛的目标。

　　“It feels like a five-year plan, but this time not only domestic but international,” Mr. Wuttke said.

　　“它看起来像一个五年计划，只不过这一次不限于国内市场，而是国际的，”伍德克说。

　　The timing¹³ is delicate. President Trump¹⁴ had campaigned about confronting China on trade and currency issues. He has not yet done so, but his advisers¹⁵ have been considering a revision to corporate¹⁶ taxes that would effectively impose a 20 percent tariff¹⁷ on all imports, not just from China.

　　时机也很微妙。特朗普总统在竞选期间曾呼吁在贸易和货币问题上直面中国。他还没有具体落实，但他的顾问一直在考虑修改企业所得税，对所有进口商品——不只是来自中国的——征收20%的关税。

　　China is also laying the legal groundwork for challenging at the World Trade Organization a refusal by the United States to accept that China is a market economy for purposes of anti-dumping trade cases. It will make a similar challenge to European Union rules.

　　为了反倾销贸易诉讼，美国拒绝接受中国是市场经济，为了在世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization)中就此事发起挑战，中国也正在打下法律基础。它还将对欧盟的规则提出类似挑战。

　　China’s top Commerce Ministry¹⁸ officials will hold their annual media briefing Saturday and may outline China’s trade policy goals for this year.

　　中国商务部高层官员将于周六举行一年一度的媒体吹风会，或许会概括地提出中国今年的贸易政策目标。

　　Along with subsidies at home, the Chinese plan calls for a shopping spree overseas.

　　除了在国内的补贴，中国的那项计划还呼吁进行海外大采购。

　　“Chinese high-tech¹⁹ investments need to be interpreted as building blocks of an overarching political program. It aims to systematically²⁰ acquire cutting-edge technology and generate large-scale technology transfer. In the long run, China wants to obtain control over the most profitable segments of the global supply chains and production networks,” according to a report on “Made in China 2025” released in December by the Mercator Institute for China Studies, a German think tank.

　　“中国高科技投资需要被理解为给一个至关重要的政治方案搭建组成部分。它的目标是有计划、有步骤地获得前沿技术，促成大规模技术转让。从长远看，中国是想控制全球供应链和生产网络中最有利可图的部分，”德国智库机构墨卡托中国研究中心(Mercator Institute for China Studies)在去年12月发布的一份有关《中国制造2025》的报告中写道。

　　For all of its funding and targets, analysts²¹ are divided about how effective the policies will be. Critics point out that its structure could lead to overspending by local governments and inefficient²² investment.

　　尽管有资金有目标，但分析人士对这些政策能在多大程度上起效意见不一。批评者指出，它的结构可能会导致地方政府超支和无效投资。

　　Still, the Mercator report said that the policy is likely to bolster²³ a “small vanguard” of leading Chinese companies, adding, “These front-runners are likely to dominate their sectors on the Chinese market and become fierce competitors in international markets.”

　　不过，墨卡托那份报告称，这项政策有可能增强作为“一小群先遣部队”的中国领军企业的实力。它还表示，“这些领先者有可能主导自己所在行业的中国市场，并成为国际市场上的有力竞争者。”

1 chamber   

n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所

参考例句：

• For many,the dentist's surgery remains a torture chamber.对许多人来说，牙医的治疗室一直是间受刑室。
• The chamber was ablaze with light.会议厅里灯火辉煌。

2 mechanism   

n.机械装置；机构，结构

参考例句：

• The bones and muscles are parts of the mechanism of the body.骨骼和肌肉是人体的组成部件。
• The mechanism of the machine is very complicated.这台机器的结构是非常复杂的。

3 subsidies   

n.补贴，津贴，补助金( subsidy的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• European agriculture ministers failed to break the deadlock over farm subsidies. 欧洲各国农业部长在农业补贴问题上未能打破僵局。
• Agricultural subsidies absorb about half the EU's income. 农业补贴占去了欧盟收入的大约一半。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 misgivings   

n.疑虑，担忧，害怕；疑虑，担心，恐惧( misgiving的名词复数 )；疑惧

参考例句：

• I had grave misgivings about making the trip. 对于这次旅行我有过极大的顾虑。
• Don't be overtaken by misgivings and fear. Just go full stream ahead! 不要瞻前顾后， 畏首畏尾。甩开膀子干吧！ 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

5 fully   

adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地

参考例句：

• The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气，然后全部呼出。
• They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。

6 implement   

n.(pl.)工具，器具；vt.实行，实施，执行

参考例句：

• Don't undertake a project unless you can implement it.不要承担一项计划，除非你能完成这项计划。
• The best implement for digging a garden is a spade.在花园里挖土的最好工具是铁锹。

7 premier   

adj.首要的；n.总理，首相

参考例句：

• The Irish Premier is paying an official visit to Britain.爱尔兰总理正在对英国进行正式访问。
• He requested that the premier grant him an internview.他要求那位总理接见他一次。

8 sectors   

n.部门( sector的名词复数 )；领域；防御地区；扇形

参考例句：

• Berlin was divided into four sectors after the war. 战后柏林分成了4 个区。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Industry and agriculture are the two important sectors of the national economy. 工业和农业是国民经济的两个重要部门。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

9 machinery   

n.(总称)机械，机器；机构

参考例句：

• Has the machinery been put up ready for the broadcast?广播器材安装完毕了吗？
• Machinery ought to be well maintained all the time.机器应该随时注意维护。

10 components   

（机器、设备等的）构成要素，零件，成分； 成分( component的名词复数 )； [物理化学]组分； [数学]分量； （混合物的）组成部分

参考例句：

• the components of a machine 机器部件
• Our chemistry teacher often reduces a compound to its components in lab. 在实验室中化学老师常把化合物分解为各种成分。

11 marketing   

n.行销，在市场的买卖，买东西

参考例句：

• They are developing marketing network.他们正在发展销售网络。
• He often goes marketing.他经常去市场做生意。

12 lengthy   

adj.漫长的，冗长的

参考例句：

• We devoted a lengthy and full discussion to this topic.我们对这个题目进行了长时间的充分讨论。
• The professor wrote a lengthy book on Napoleon.教授写了一部有关拿破仑的巨著。

13 timing   

n.时间安排，时间选择

参考例句：

• The timing of the meeting is not convenient.会议的时间安排不合适。
• The timing of our statement is very opportune.我们发表声明选择的时机很恰当。

14 trump   

n.王牌，法宝；v.打出王牌，吹喇叭

参考例句：

• He was never able to trump up the courage to have a showdown.他始终鼓不起勇气摊牌。
• The coach saved his star player for a trump card.教练保留他的明星选手，作为他的王牌。

15 advisers   

顾问，劝告者( adviser的名词复数 )； （指导大学新生学科问题等的）指导教授

参考例句：

• a member of the President's favoured circle of advisers 总统宠爱的顾问班子中的一员
• She withdrew to confer with her advisers before announcing a decision. 她先去请教顾问然后再宣布决定。

16 corporate   

adj.共同的，全体的；公司的，企业的

参考例句：

• This is our corporate responsibility.这是我们共同的责任。
• His corporate's life will be as short as a rabbit's tail.他的公司的寿命是兔子尾巴长不了。

17 tariff   

n.关税，税率；(旅馆、饭店等)价目表，收费表

参考例句：

• There is a very high tariff on jewelry.宝石类的关税率很高。
• The government is going to lower the tariff on importing cars.政府打算降低进口汽车的关税。

18 ministry   

n.(政府的)部；牧师

参考例句：

• They sent a deputation to the ministry to complain.他们派了一个代表团到部里投诉。
• We probed the Air Ministry statements.我们调查了空军部的记录。

19 high-tech   

adj.高科技的

参考例句：

• The economy is in the upswing which makes high-tech services in more demand too.经济在蓬勃发展，这就使对高科技服务的需求量也在加大。
• The quest of a cure for disease with high-tech has never ceased. 人们希望运用高科技治疗疾病的追求从未停止过。

20 systematically   

adv.有系统地

参考例句：

• This government has systematically run down public services since it took office.这一屆政府自上台以来系统地削减了公共服务。
• The rainforest is being systematically destroyed.雨林正被系统地毀灭。

21 analysts   

分析家，化验员( analyst的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• City analysts forecast huge profits this year. 伦敦金融分析家预测今年的利润非常丰厚。
• I was impressed by the high calibre of the researchers and analysts. 研究人员和分析人员的高素质给我留下了深刻印象。

22 inefficient   

adj.效率低的，无效的

参考例句：

• The inefficient operation cost the firm a lot of money.低效率的运作使该公司损失了许多钱。
• Their communication systems are inefficient in the extreme.他们的通讯系统效率非常差。

23 bolster   

n.枕垫；v.支持，鼓励

参考例句：

• The high interest rates helped to bolster up the economy.高利率使经济更稳健。
• He tried to bolster up their morale.他尽力鼓舞他们的士气。