2020年经济学人 查理曼专栏--针对时下土耳其局势,葛兰运动难辞其咎(1)

Europe

欧洲板块

Charlemagne

查理曼专栏

The other villain¹

另一个反派

Fethullah Gulen shares blame for the state of Turkey today

对于时下土耳其局势，法土拉·葛兰难辞其咎

You might think that by now Turkey had run out of handcuffs. But although the wave of arrests related to the bizarre coup² attempt that rocked the country in the summer of 2016 has certainly slowed, it has not stopped. Every week seems to bring a new round-up of suspected members of the Gulen community, or cemaat, the Islamist movement that President Recep Tayyip Erdogan blames for the coup. At least 41 people, many of them soldiers, were detained on July 27th. Warrants for over two dozen others were issued last week.

你可能会认为土耳其的手铐此刻已经用完了。土耳其在2016年夏季爆发了一场震惊全国的诡异政变，尽管与此有关的逮捕浪潮确实有所放缓，但并没有停止。土耳其政府似乎每周都会逮捕新一轮的葛兰社群疑似成员，总统雷杰普·塔伊普·埃尔多安将这次政变归咎于伊斯兰运动。7月27日，至少有41人被拘留，其中许多是士兵。上周土耳其政府又签发了20多份搜查令。

Nearly 600,000 people, most of them suspected Gulenists, have been investigated since the coup; nearly 100,000 have been arrested.Most had only tenuous³ links to the movement, such as having an account at a Gulenist bank. Some appear to have been tortured in captivity⁴. But while there is sympathy among Turks for individual victims of Mr Erdogan’s purges⁵, there is practically none for the cemaat as a whole, and even less for its leader, Fethullah Gulen, an ageing imam living in exile in Pennsylvania. Ask almost anyone in Turkey, including Mr Erdogan’s most bitter foes⁶, and you will hear that compared with Mr Gulen, Turkey’s leader is the lesser⁷ of two evils. Mr Erdogan is an autocrat⁸ and a bully⁹. But no one helped him cripple Turkey’s democracy more than Mr Gulen and his sect¹⁰.

自政变以来，近60万人接受调查，其中大部分为疑似葛兰主义者；近10万人被逮捕。大多数人与葛兰运动只有微弱的联系，比如说在一家葛兰派的银行有账户。有些人似乎在囚禁中受到酷刑折磨。但是尽管土耳其人会对埃尔多安总统清洗活动的个别受害者抱有同情，但他们实际上并不同情整个葛兰社群，对于葛兰派的领导人法土拉·葛兰，一位流亡宾夕法尼亚州的年长伊玛目，更是如此。问一下几乎土耳其的所有人，包括埃尔多安总统最大的敌人，他们都会告诉你，两害取其轻，土耳其的领导人要强过葛兰。埃尔多安总统是一位独裁者，也是一位恶霸。但是葛兰及其教派最能削弱土耳其的民主，无人出其右。

The movement is a tough nut to crack. From the 1970s onwards, it attracted hundreds of thousands of followers¹¹, drawn¹² mostly from among the poor and devout¹³ students who gravitated to its prep schools and dorms. After the end of the cold war, it began to market itself as the torchbearer of an enlightened Islam, setting up foundations abroad and winning a circle of Western well-wishers. But it was only when Mr Erdogan and his Justice and Development party came to power in 2002 that it started to flourish. Its sympathisers had previously¹⁴ trickled¹⁵ into Turkey’s bureaucracy. With Mr Erdogan’s encouragement, they took over entire institutions. (By one estimate, Gulenists held 30% of top jobs in the judiciary and 50% in the police.) With his approval, they orchestrated the arrests of thousands of Kurdish activists¹⁶, army officers, secular¹⁷ types and journalists. “The Gulenists played a decisive role in enabling Erdogan to consolidate¹⁸ power,” says Gareth Jenkins, a security analyst¹⁹.

葛兰运动是个棘手的难题。从20世纪70年代开始，它吸引了成千上万的信众，其中大多数是穷苦和虔诚的学生，他们会被吸引到葛兰派的预科学校和宿舍。冷战结束后，它将自己推销成指引伊斯兰教前行的火炬手，在国外设立基金会，并赢得了一大批西方祝福者的青睐。但直到埃尔多安总统和他的正义与发展党在2020年上台后，葛兰派才开始蓬勃发展。其支持者此前已经逐步进入土耳其的官僚机构。在埃尔多安总统的鼓励下，他们接管了整个官僚机构。（据估计，葛兰主义者接管了司法部门30%的高层职位以及50%的警察部门职位。）在埃尔多安总统的批准下，他们策划逮捕了数千名库尔德活动人士、军官、世俗人士和记者。“古伦派在帮助埃尔多安巩固权力方面发挥了决定性作用，”安全分析师加雷思·詹金斯说。

1 villain   

n.反派演员，反面人物；恶棍；问题的起因

参考例句：

• He was cast as the villain in the play.他在戏里扮演反面角色。
• The man who played the villain acted very well.扮演恶棍的那个男演员演得很好。

2 coup   

n.政变；突然而成功的行动

参考例句：

• The monarch was ousted by a military coup.那君主被军事政变者废黜了。
• That government was overthrown in a military coup three years ago.那个政府在3年前的军事政变中被推翻。

3 tenuous   

adj.细薄的，稀薄的，空洞的

参考例句：

• He has a rather tenuous grasp of reality.他对现实认识很肤浅。
• The air ten miles above the earth is very tenuous.距离地面十公里的空气十分稀薄。

4 captivity   

n.囚禁；被俘；束缚

参考例句：

• A zoo is a place where live animals are kept in captivity for the public to see.动物园是圈养动物以供公众观看的场所。
• He was held in captivity for three years.他被囚禁叁年。

5 purges   

清除异己( purge的名词复数 )； 整肃（行动）； 清洗； 泻药

参考例句：

• Mandelshtam perished in the purges of the 1930s, Akhmatova remained silent. 曼杰利什坦姆在30年代的清洗中死去，阿赫玛托娃也销声匿迹。
• He purges his subconscious and meditates only on God. 他净化他的潜意识且只思念上帝。

6 foes   

敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• They steadily pushed their foes before them. 他们不停地追击敌人。
• She had fought many battles, vanquished many foes. 她身经百战，挫败过很多对手。

7 lesser   

adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地

参考例句：

• Kept some of the lesser players out.不让那些次要的球员参加联赛。
• She has also been affected,but to a lesser degree.她也受到波及，但程度较轻。

8 autocrat   

n.独裁者；专横的人

参考例句：

• He was an accomplished politician and a crafty autocrat.他是个有造诣的政治家，也是个狡黠的独裁者。
• The nobles tried to limit the powers of the autocrat without success.贵族企图限制专制君主的权力,但没有成功。

9 bully   

n.恃强欺弱者，小流氓；vt.威胁，欺侮

参考例句：

• A bully is always a coward.暴汉常是懦夫。
• The boy gave the bully a pelt on the back with a pebble.那男孩用石子掷击小流氓的背脊。

10 sect   

n.派别，宗教，学派，派系

参考例句：

• When he was sixteen he joined a religious sect.他16岁的时候加入了一个宗教教派。
• Each religious sect in the town had its own church.该城每一个宗教教派都有自己的教堂。

11 followers   

追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件

参考例句：

• the followers of Mahatma Gandhi 圣雄甘地的拥护者
• The reformer soon gathered a band of followers round him. 改革者很快就获得一群追随者支持他。

12 drawn   

v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的

参考例句：

• All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
• Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。

13 devout   

adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness)

参考例句：

• His devout Catholicism appeals to ordinary people.他对天主教的虔诚信仰感染了普通民众。
• The devout man prayed daily.那位虔诚的男士每天都祈祷。

14 previously   

adv.以前，先前（地）

参考例句：

• The bicycle tyre blew out at a previously damaged point.自行车胎在以前损坏过的地方又爆开了。
• Let me digress for a moment and explain what had happened previously.让我岔开一会儿，解释原先发生了什么。

15 trickled   

v.滴( trickle的过去式和过去分词 )；淌；使)慢慢走；缓慢移动

参考例句：

• Blood trickled down his face. 血从他脸上一滴滴流下来。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The tears trickled down her cheeks. 热泪一滴滴从她脸颊上滚下来。 来自《简明英汉词典》

16 activists   

n.（政治活动的）积极分子，活动家( activist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• His research work was attacked by animal rights activists . 他的研究受到了动物权益维护者的抨击。
• Party activists with lower middle class pedigrees are numerous. 党的激进分子中有很多出身于中产阶级下层。 来自《简明英汉词典》

17 secular   

n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的

参考例句：

• We live in an increasingly secular society.我们生活在一个日益非宗教的社会。
• Britain is a plural society in which the secular predominates.英国是个世俗主导的多元社会。

18 consolidate   

v.使加固，使加强；(把...)联为一体，合并

参考例句：

• The two banks will consolidate in July next year. 这两家银行明年7月将合并。
• The government hoped to consolidate ten states to form three new ones.政府希望把十个州合并成三个新的州。

19 analyst   

n.分析家，化验员；心理分析学家

参考例句：

• What can you contribute to the position of a market analyst?你有什么技能可有助于市场分析员的职务？
• The analyst is required to interpolate values between standards.分析人员需要在这些标准中插入一些值。