纪录片《大英博物馆世界简史》 010绳纹陶钵（3）

The Jomon way of life seems to have been pretty comfortable.

绳纹人似乎生活得挺舒适惬意的。

They lived near the sea and they relied on fish as a main source of food, that is, a food that came to them,

他们当时居住在海边，所以主要就以捕鱼为生，

so they didn't have to move around as land-roaming hunter-gatherers did.

所以就没必要像世界其他地区的陆地狩猪采集者一样到处奔波迁徙。

They also had easy access to abundant plants with nuts and seeds, so there was no imperative¹ to domesticate² animals or to cultivate particular crops.

同时绳纹人也能很轻松地找到数量又多种类又全的坚果和种子植物，所以也没必要驯养动物或培育特定的农作物。

Perhaps because of this plentiful³ supply of fish and food, farming took a long time to establish itself in Japan, compared to the rest of the world.

也许也就是因为这些资源丰富的鱼类与充足的其他食品供应,与世界其他地区相比，农业在日本的建立时间是相当之缓慢。

Simple agriculture, in the shape of rice, arrived in Japan only two thousand five hundred years ago, but in pots, the Japanese were very much ahead of the game.

简单农业，比如稻米的种植，二千五百年前左右才流传到日本；然而在制造陶器方面，日本的表现绝对是全世界领先了。

Before the discovery of the pot, people stored their food in holes in the ground or in baskets-both vulnerable to thieving creatures and, in the case of the baskets,

在发明这些陶罐陶钵以前，人类只能将食物储存在地洞里或者树皮树藤编织的篮子里，这样很容易被老鼠之类小动物偷吃，同时也很受天气影响。比如篮子吧，

to wear and to weather. Putting your food in sturdy clay containers that you can cover,

磨损得快，也容易受干受潮。但如果把食物放在坚固的粘土容器里，再加上个盖子，

keeps freshness in and mice out and, as for the shape and decoration of the new pots-well, having no pottery⁴ tradition to learn from,

这样食物不大受天气影响，老鼠也无从下爪或下嘴了。而且看看这样新出现盆钵锅罐上的造型与装饰，由于制陶是史无前例的新经验，

the Jomon looked at what they already had-baskets.

绳纹人就自然而然借鉴了他们编篮的习惯了。

So it's not surprising that they make pots that look like baskets, and indeed, look like each other.

这些陶罐陶钵造型外观居然那么像篮子，也就毫不奇怪了。

Professor Takashi Doi is Senior Archaeologist at the Agency of Cultural Affairs in Japan:

因此日本文化事务局的高级考古学家隆土井教授说道：

For Jomon people the decorations are derived⁵ from what they saw around them in the natural world-the motifs⁶ were inspired by trees, plants, shells, animal bones.

对于绳纹人，这些装饰花纹的灵感源于他们周遭的大自然界，这些主题都是受到树木、植物、贝壳、兽骨等等的启发。

The basic patterns are applied⁷ using twisted plant fibres or twisted cords,

最基本的模式是捻搓缠绕的植物纤维或绳索形状，而捻搓绳索的方式可谓是千变万化。

and there is an amazing variety in the ways you can twist your cords-there is an elaborate regional and chronological⁸ sequence that we have identified.

事实上根据我们已经发现的，那些花纹在相当明显而精致的区域性与时间顺序上的特点。

Over the years of the Jomon period we can see over four hundred local types or regional styles.

通过观察整个绳纹文化时代，我们已经发现了四百多种地方类型或者区域风格。

You can pin down some of these styles to 25-year time slots, they were so specific with their cord markings.

你甚至可以根据花纹把时间精确到二十五年左右这样的时间段。这些人类捻绳的技巧真是炉火纯青了。

As well as making attractive and stylised storage pots, the Jomon must have been also thrilled at the leak-proof, heat-proof properties of their new kitchenware.

除了能创造出好看美观的储物罐，那些绳纹人肯定也十分得意于他们这种新型器皿的防漏性与隔热性。

The menu would have included vegetables and nuts, but they also cooked shellfish-oysters, cockles and clams⁹.

他们的菜单肯定包括了各种蔬菜和坚果，也可能会需要烹煮各种贝类，牡蛎、蛤文蛤等等。

Meat was pot-roasted or boiled-and so Japan appears to be the birthplace of the soup and the stew¹⁰. Simon Kaner again:

肉类也可以用锅烤或者水煮。所以日本似乎也是汤与炖品的发源地。西蒙·康尔又说道：

We're quite lucky they weren't very good at washing up, these guys-and so they've left some carbonised remains¹¹ of foodstuffs¹² inside these pots,

我们走运了，看样子这些绳纹人似乎不太擅长清洗厨具，所以在这些陶罐陶钵里头还残留有一些已经碳化了的食物残渣，

there are black deposits on the interior surfaces.

就是这种器皿内部表面存留的黑色沉淀物。

1 imperative   

n.命令，需要；规则；祈使语气；adj.强制的；紧急的

参考例句：

• He always speaks in an imperative tone of voice.他老是用命令的口吻讲话。
• The events of the past few days make it imperative for her to act.过去这几天发生的事迫使她不得不立即行动。

2 domesticate   

vt.驯养；使归化，使专注于家务

参考例句：

• Many thousand years ago people learned how to domesticate animals.数千年以前人们就学会了饲养动物。
• If you domesticate this raccoon,it will have trouble living in the wild.如果你驯养这只浣熊，它生活在野外将会有困难。

3 plentiful   

adj.富裕的，丰富的

参考例句：

• Their family has a plentiful harvest this year.他们家今年又丰收了。
• Rainfall is plentiful in the area.这个地区雨量充足。

4 pottery   

n.陶器，陶器场

参考例句：

• My sister likes to learn art pottery in her spare time.我妹妹喜欢在空余时间学习陶艺。
• The pottery was left to bake in the hot sun.陶器放在外面让炎热的太阳烘晒焙干。

5 derived   

vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取

参考例句：

• Many English words are derived from Latin and Greek. 英语很多词源出于拉丁文和希腊文。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He derived his enthusiasm for literature from his father. 他对文学的爱好是受他父亲的影响。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 motifs   

n. （文艺作品等的）主题( motif的名词复数 )；中心思想；基本模式；基本图案

参考例句：

• I try to develop beyond the old motifs. 我力求对传统的花纹图案做到推陈出新。 来自辞典例句
• American Dream is one of the most important motifs of American literature. “美国梦”是美国文学最重要的母题之一。 来自互联网

7 applied   

adj.应用的；v.应用，适用

参考例句：

• She plans to take a course in applied linguistics.她打算学习应用语言学课程。
• This cream is best applied to the face at night.这种乳霜最好晚上擦脸用。

8 chronological   

adj.按年月顺序排列的，年代学的

参考例句：

• The paintings are exhibited in chronological sequence.这些画是按创作的时间顺序展出的。
• Give me the dates in chronological order.把日期按年月顺序给我。

9 clams   

n.蛤；蚌，蛤( clam的名词复数 )v.（在沙滩上）挖蛤( clam的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• The restaurant's specialities are fried clams. 这个餐厅的特色菜是炸蚌。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• We dug clams in the flats et low tide. 退潮时我们在浅滩挖蛤蜊。 来自辞典例句

10 stew   

n.炖汤，焖，烦恼；v.炖汤，焖，忧虑

参考例句：

• The stew must be boiled up before serving.炖肉必须煮熟才能上桌。
• There's no need to get in a stew.没有必要烦恼。

11 remains   

n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹

参考例句：

• He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
• The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。

12 foodstuffs   

食物，食品( foodstuff的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Imports of foodstuffs accounted for a small proportion of total imports. 食物进口仅占总进口额的一小部份。
• Many basic foodstuffs, such as bread and milk, are tax-free. 许多基本食物如牛奶和面包是免税的。