历届美国总统简介：詹姆斯·门罗

詹姆斯·门罗WestmorelandCounty,Virginia（1758年4月28日—1831年7月4日），美国第5任总统，生于弗吉尼亚，出身在苏格兰移民的小农场主家庭，家境并不富裕，父亲是农场主。

詹姆斯·门罗就学于弗吉尼亚州的威廉玛丽学院，中途辍学参加独立战争。1782年被选入弗吉尼亚议会，1790年选入美国参议院，1794年任驻法公使，1799—1802年任弗吉尼亚州长，1803年任驻英公使。1811年任国务卿，1816年当选总统，1820年连任。

1823年在国情咨文中提出的美国外交政策方针，世称《门罗宣言》或“门罗主义”。门罗对内强调国家意识，对外大力开拓疆土，为美国资本主义发展创造了有利条件。[1] 

1831年7月4日詹姆斯·门罗在纽约去世。

 

James Monroe was born in Virginia in 1758. He was America’s fifth President and the last who was a Founding Father of the U.S.A. He inherited his father’s plantation¹ and fortune when he was 16. In 1776 Monroe dropped out of college to join the Army. He returned to academic life from 1780 to 1783 to study law under Thomas Jefferson. He felt a legal career would offer him “the most immediate² rewards”.

 

In 1782, Monroe was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates and served in the Continental³ Congress between 1783 and 1786. As a youthful politician, he joined the anti-Federalists in the Virginia Convention which ratified⁴ the Constitution. In 1790, he was elected as a United States Senator. He served as Minister to France from 1794 to 1796 and helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase.

 

His ambition and energy, together with the backing of President Madison, made him the Republican choice for the Presidency⁵ in 1816 and he was easily elected with little opposition⁶. The Federalist opposition collapsed⁷ in disarray⁸ towards the end of his first term in office and he won re-election unopposed in 1820 for a second term as President.

 

Monroe made strong Cabinet choices, naming a Southerner, John C. Calhoun, as Secretary of War, and a northerner, John Quincy Adams, as Secretary of State. In 1823 Monroe introduced a policy warning against European intervention⁹ in the Americas. Twenty years after he died in 1831, this became known as the Monroe Doctrine¹⁰. It is still used by modern-day presidents.

 

 

1 plantation   

n.种植园，大农场

参考例句：

• His father-in-law is a plantation manager.他岳父是个种植园经营者。
• The plantation owner has possessed himself of a vast piece of land.这个种植园主把大片土地占为己有。

2 immediate   

adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的

参考例句：

• His immediate neighbours felt it their duty to call.他的近邻认为他们有责任去拜访。
• We declared ourselves for the immediate convocation of the meeting.我们主张立即召开这个会议。

3 continental   

adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的

参考例句：

• A continental climate is different from an insular one.大陆性气候不同于岛屿气候。
• The most ancient parts of the continental crust are 4000 million years old.大陆地壳最古老的部分有40亿年历史。

4 ratified   

v.批准，签认（合约等）( ratify的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The treaty was declared invalid because it had not been ratified. 条约没有得到批准，因此被宣布无效。
• The treaty was ratified by all the member states. 这个条约得到了所有成员国的批准。

5 presidency   

n.总统(校长，总经理)的职位(任期)

参考例句：

• Roosevelt was elected four times to the presidency of the United States.罗斯福连续当选四届美国总统。
• Two candidates are emerging as contestants for the presidency.两位候选人最终成为总统职位竞争者。

6 opposition   

n.反对，敌对

参考例句：

• The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
• The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。

7 collapsed   

adj.倒塌的

参考例句：

• Jack collapsed in agony on the floor. 杰克十分痛苦地瘫倒在地板上。
• The roof collapsed under the weight of snow. 房顶在雪的重压下突然坍塌下来。

8 disarray   

n.混乱，紊乱，凌乱

参考例句：

• His personal life fell into disarray when his wife left him.妻子离去后，他的个人生活一片混乱。
• Our plans were thrown into disarray by the rail strike.铁路罢工打乱了我们的计划。

9 intervention   

n.介入，干涉，干预

参考例句：

• The government's intervention in this dispute will not help.政府对这场争论的干预不会起作用。
• Many people felt he would be hostile to the idea of foreign intervention.许多人觉得他会反对外来干预。

10 doctrine   

n.教义；主义；学说

参考例句：

• He was impelled to proclaim his doctrine.他不得不宣扬他的教义。
• The council met to consider changes to doctrine.宗教议会开会考虑更改教义。