《美国学生人类历史》叙述西方文明是如何从原始人类发源，并进一步讲述书写文字、艺术、建筑以及主要的信仰，直至近代民族国家的兴起等。本书能帮助英语学习爱好者在提高英语水平的同事，了解人类历史知识，增强英语文化素养。
Pope Urban II, a Frenchman from Reims, who had been educated at the same famous cloister of Cluny which had trained Gregory VII, thought that the time had come for action. 当时在位的是教皇乌尔班二世。此人生于法国的雷姆斯，在格...
Chapter 34 The crusades 第三十四章 十宇军东征 But all these different quarrels were forgotten when the Turks took the holy land, desecrated the holy places and interfered seriously with the trade from east to west. 当土耳其人夺取圣地...
This led to more warfare. 这当然引发了更多的争端。 Conrad V, the son of Conrad IV, and the last of the Hohenstaufens, tried to regain the kingdom, and was defeated and decapitated at Naples. 霍亨施陶芬家族的最后一位继承人，康...
The Hohenstaufen family which got hold of the Imperial German Throne shortly afterwards, were even more independent than their predecessors. 不久之后，夺取了德意志帝国皇位的霍亨施陶芬家族变得比他们的前任更为独立，更...
The Pope answered with excommunication and a demand that the German princes rid themselves of their unworthy ruler. 格利高里的回答是将亨利四世逐出教会，并号召德意志的王公们驱逐这位德行败坏、不配为人君主的国王...
In the year 1059 this had been changed. 不过到公元1059年，情况发生了变化。 By a decree of Pope Nicholas II the principal priests and deacons of the churches in and around Rome were organised into the so-called College of Cardinals, 根据...
It was never easy to give the correct answer. 给出正确的答案真是挺困难的。 When the Emperor happened to be a man of energy and was sufficiently well provided with money to organise an army, 有时皇帝碰巧是位精力充沛的政治强...
The people of the early Middle Ages never saw a textbook of Roman history. 中世纪的人们从未读过任何一本有关罗马历史的教科书。 They were ignorant of many things which every school-boy today knows before he has entered the thir...
Chapter 33 Pope vs. emperor 第三十三章 教皇与皇帝之争 The strange double loyalty of the people of the middle ages and how it led to endless quarrels between the popes and the holy roman emperors 中世纪人民奇特的双重效忠制度，...
Like all human institutions, Knighthood was doomed to perish as soon as it had outlived its usefulness. 像所有的人类制度一样，骑士制度一旦衰老无用，它便注定了灭亡的命运。 The crusades, about which one of the next chap...
A young knight therefore was asked to swear that he would be faithful as a servant to God and as a servant to his King. 因此，一个年轻骑士起誓，他将永远做上帝忠实的仆人，同时也将终其一生忠心耿耿侍奉他的国王。...
Chapter 32 Chivalry 第三十二章 骑士精神 It was quite natural that the professional fighting-men of the Middle Ages should try to establish some sort of organisation for their mutual benefit and protection. 欧洲中世纪的职业战士会尝试...
He looked after the dikes so that the countryside should not be flooded 他还担当着照看水坝的职责，以免四周的乡野受洪水之患 (just as the first noblemen had done in the valley of the Nile four thousand years before). （就像4...
These dukes and counts and barons had sworn to be faithful to the king who had given them their feudum (hence our word feudal,) 这些公爵、伯爵、男爵们统统宣誓效忠于封邑 的国王（封邑为feudum，这也是封建制（feudal）一...
Unfortunately the power of the kings of France did not stretch beyond the moat of their royal residence, 不过很不幸的是，法兰西国王的权力从没能越出他们皇家居住地的城堡之外， while the Holy Roman Emperor was openly de...
