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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
What's happening in Flint has some people wondering about what's happening in their homes.
The Flint water crisis is highlighting the problem of lead exposure in kids.
Lead can permanently1 lower IQ and cause behavior problems. Researchers have even linked children with elevated lead levels with a higher propensity2 toward crime later in life.
Now, state officials are urging schools around the state to test their water for lead.
But it's also important to know what's going on at home.
So with all eyes on water in Flint, you might be wondering whether you should have your tap water tested.
Should I test my water?
Public drinking water utilities are supposed to routinely test for lead under a rule in the Safe Water Drinking Act.
They're supposed to go out and sample places in the system where they know lead can be a potential problem – those are places where, for example, water is delivered through an old water line made of lead.
Your city is supposed to know where those lead service lines are ...
Your city is supposed to know where those lead service lines are, so you can call your city and ask if they know whether there's a lead service line running to your house.
In Flint, they might not be prepared to answer that question yet (the information is on index cards that they are trying to digitize). In Lansing, for example, you can give them your address and they'll tell you over the phone whether there's a lead service line running to your house.
It's relatively3 easy, with a Google search, to find out what the lead tests show for your municipal drinking water supply.
Water utilities typically manage the drinking water chemistry to control for corrosion4 in the pipes. It cuts down on the amount of lead that can leach5 from old pipes into your drinking water. Flint and state officials did not proactively manage for corrosion after the city switched its water supply in early 2014 - a pretty unusual situation.
But even though the utility does tests in the system, the situation in your house can always be a little different. The plumbing6 and/or faucets7 in your house can contain lead, so ultimately, it never hurts to test your own water.
How do I test for lead in water?
I called up several cities in Michigan to see how they answered this question.
In Grand Rapids, they referred me to the state.
In Lansing, they referred me to the county health department. But they did offer to look up an address to see whether the home was serviced by a lead service line.
In Ann Arbor8, they assured me they test the water, that there are no lead service lines in the city, and offered a free lead test on the first sample.
In Flint, you're supposed to be eligible9 for a free water test if you live in the city. When I called, they were busy, so I had to leave a message at the water plant.
If you end up having to pay for it, a water lead test costs around $25 or less. Check with your county or with this state lab for instructions on how to pull the sample.
Lead paint is still the main concern
If you live in a home built in 1978 or earlier, you can assume there's lead paint in it somewhere.
Here's how the EPA breaks down the risk of lead being in your home depending on when it's built:
The question is – do you have kids that can get exposed to it? You can talk to your kids' doctor about testing them for lead exposure if you live in an older home.
Mary Sue Schottenfels is the Executive Director of Clear Corps10 Detroit. The group helps homeowners clean up lead and other potential hazards in homes.
She says the only real way to know where the hazards are in your house is to hire a professional.
"To really properly test for lead, you've really got to test every component11 that either is deteriorating12, like chipping and peeling paint, paint on a porch, paint on a railing, or is inherently a hazard like a window that goes up and down, or a door that bangs."
Friction13 on windows or door jambs can create lead dust – and that dust is one of the biggest ways kids can get exposed to unsafe levels of lead.
Paul Haan is the executive director of the Healthy Homes Coalition14 of West Michigan. He said he once asked a lead assessment15 professional in Grand Rapids about lead and windows.
"And I asked her, 'how often do you go into an older house that's still an older house, that hasn't been remodeled... and find a window that does not have lead-based paint on it?' And she just looked at me with a blank stare and chuckled16 and said, 'that never happens,'" Haan said.
Haan said just about every pre-1950s house tested has lead-based paint on the windows.
The other reason to hire a professional is that lead can show up in some surprising places – like bathtubs – old ceramic17 pots and pans – or the soil outside of your house.
You can find a list of professional contractors18 who can do these tests on this state website.
It's not cheap, but you can start small
Whole house lead evaluations19 like this can run $400 to $500. They use x-ray fluorescence tools to find the lead, and in the end, you get a full report of where the lead is in your house. This can be useful to avoid or fix potential hot spots, and to inform any future remodeling plans.
But you can start small too. Lead testing kits20 from hardware stores can give you an indication of where lead might be – keep in mind that you might get false positives with those kits, or you might not find lead that is below other surfaces (like under several layers of non-lead paint).
Another thing you can do is take individual samples yourself. You can send in individual soil samples, or you can get wipes that test for lead in your house.
You might be able to get help from federal lead hazard reduction programs
There are several lead hazard reduction programs around the state.
Depending on your circumstances, some of these programs will pay to clean up the lead in your house, some will ask you to contribute a little to the project, and some will do the work financed with a 0% loan on the house.
With most of these programs, you'll have to meet certain requirements.
Your income has to be below a certain level.
You have to live in an older home.
You have to have a child in the house that is 5 years old or younger (they might want that child tested for lead).
And you might have to show that the taxes are current on the house.
To know the exact requirements in your area, follow the links below for more information:
The State of Michigan - Lead Safe Home program
Detroit – Clear Corps Detroit
West Michigan – Healthy Homes Coalition of West Michigan
Wayne County
Saginaw County
Genesee County
Muskegon County
Most of the money for these lead abatement21 programs comes from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Money for the programs changes year by year, and counties, cities, and the state have to apply for the funds. The state of Michigan recently contributed $1.75 million to its lead abatement program.
Right now in Michigan, these are the active lead remediation grants in the state:
State of Michigan - $2,410,000 - Lead Hazard Control
Saginaw County - $3,000,001 - Lead Hazard Control
Michigan Dept. of Community Health - $3,070,001 - Lead Hazard Control
Genesee County Health - $2,070,000 - Lead Hazard Control
Berrien County Health Department - $2,000,000 - Lead Hazard Control
Saginaw County - $3,100,000 - Lead Hazard Control
County of Muskegon - $1,100,000 - Lead Hazard Control
Michigan Department of Community Health - $2,479,602 - Lead Hazard Control
Wayne County - $2,480,000 - Lead Hazard Control
City of Detroit - $3,525,371 - Lead Hazard Reduction Demonstration22
City of Lansing - $1,728,605 - Lead Hazard Reduction Demonstration
Southeastern Michigan Health Association - $999,995 - Healthy Homes Demonstration
You might also qualify for a 0% development loan
If you don't qualify for a lead abatement grant program, you might still qualify for what's known as a "community development block grant."
Typically, these are 0% loan programs to improve the housing stock in the city.
Detroit has a new program called Detroit's 0% Home Repair Loans program.
To see whether your city or area offers these loans, check with your local community development office.
And if you don't qualify for any of these programs, you can find a list of contractors who can do lead abatement work here.
收听单词发音 |
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permanently
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| adv.永恒地，永久地，固定不变地 | |
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propensity
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| n.倾向；习性 | |
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relatively
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| adv.比较...地，相对地 | |
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4
corrosion
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| n.腐蚀，侵蚀；渐渐毁坏，渐衰 | |
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leach
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| v.分离，过滤掉；n.过滤；过滤器 | |
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6
plumbing
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| n.水管装置；水暖工的工作；管道工程v.用铅锤测量（plumb的现在分词）；探究 | |
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faucets
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| n.水龙头( faucet的名词复数 ) | |
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arbor
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| n.凉亭；树木 | |
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eligible
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| adj.有条件被选中的；(尤指婚姻等)合适(意)的 | |
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corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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component
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| n.组成部分，成分，元件；adj.组成的，合成的 | |
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12
deteriorating
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| 恶化，变坏( deteriorate的现在分词 ) | |
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13
friction
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| n.摩擦，摩擦力 | |
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coalition
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| n.结合体，同盟，结合，联合 | |
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assessment
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| n.评价；评估；对财产的估价，被估定的金额 | |
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chuckled
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| 轻声地笑( chuckle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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ceramic
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| n.制陶业，陶器，陶瓷工艺 | |
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contractors
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| n.（建筑、监造中的）承包人( contractor的名词复数 ) | |
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evaluations
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| 估价( evaluation的名词复数 )； 赋值； 估计价值； [医学]诊断 | |
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kits
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| 衣物和装备( kit的名词复数 )； 成套用品； 配套元件 | |
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abatement
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| n.减(免)税，打折扣，冲销 | |
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demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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