美国国家公共电台 NPR Beowulf In The Suburbs? 'The Mere Wife' Is An Epic Retelling

 

KORVA COLEMAN, HOST:

Let's talk about "Beowulf." It's possibly the classic Anglo-Saxon text, a thousand-year-old epic¹ poem written about the quintessential hero - a mighty² warrior³ who defeats the monster Grendel, his mother - a sea witch - and eventually does battle with a dragon. A thousand years is a long time. Maybe it's time for a rewrite. Maria Dahvana Headley has done so. Her book is called "The Mere⁴ Wife," and it updates and revitalizes the characters - and one in particular, Grendel's mother. Headley told me she was the character who Headley always thought was the most interesting.

MARIA DAHVANA HEADLEY: Grendel's mother is way more hardcore than Grendel is. She's amazing with a sword. She's really strong. And Beowulf has to get very armored up in order to fight her. And he kind of only wins by luck. So I always thought, well, why isn't she really important?

COLEMAN: In Headley's telling, which takes place in the present, she's the center of the book, just back from war in the Middle East.

HEADLEY: Dana Mills is a woman who's - she's a veteran. She has pretty bad PTSD. She doesn't know exactly what happened to her in the war. She's been kidnapped and held, and has returned back into society and comes back with the news that she is pregnant, and she doesn't know how she got pregnant. And she goes home. She runs back to where she came from, which is this mountain. And around the mountain is a new development called Herot Hall, which is a gated community. And she gives birth to her son, and has a lot of fear about their place in the world and whether or not they will be able to be integrated with society at all. And she decides that they can't be. So they are in isolation⁵ but looking down at the sort of glittering capitalist grandeur⁶ of America.

COLEMAN: So there's a character in your book who makes a fateful decision - police Officer Ben Woolf. Now, he's really the stand-in for the hero of the original tale, Beowulf. Ben Woolf is the character who appears to us readers, at first, to represent Beowulf, but he's actually a man that's committing crimes.

HEADLEY: Yeah. This is something that I was really interested as I started writing this book - and in the world. I mean, the world is so full of profound injustice⁷ to young people of color, young men of color and to women of color, specifically. And in this book, Dana Mills and her son Grendel are both people of color. And so Ben Woolf is a police officer. So in this case, Ben Woolf, the Beowulf character, is based very much on the original Beowulf. He's a soldier. He's a veteran. He's become a police officer. He wants glory. And I think the story of Beowulf is a story about a man who wants glory. He comes as a mercenary to kill monsters, so he comes to kill Grendel and then is hired onward⁸ to kill Grendel's mother. And that's in the original. So in this, I thought, OK, what equivalence do we have in contemporary American society? And we have a lot of difficulty with getting categorized as a strong, heroic man and how to do that. And lots of that is pretty shady, in my opinion.

COLEMAN: You've spread heroic traits among all your characters - love, duty, faithfulness. They all exhibit that. And these have actually been ascribed mainly in the original tale to Beowulf himself. But in your book, you've described women in particular as women whose lives we have lived ourselves, or people we have loved, or people we know. Tell us a little bit more about the two main female characters, and that would be Dana Mills, the war veteran, and Willa Herot. And both are mothers.

HEADLEY: Yes. I - again, I was interested in - obviously, in Grendel's mother, but also in Hrothgar's wife, who is a main character in the original. And in this story, she's a suburban⁹ housewife who's sort of holding the glamour¹⁰ of suburbia together. She's trying to not only be the queen of the suburbs, but to be the queen of all women in that way that has been increasingly tempting¹¹ the more that social media can make us each queens of our kingdom. I was interested in writing about the ways in which female roles are sort of double downed upon, so that we end up with this increasingly, like - the lovely housewife role, which you would think we would be past at this point in history, but we're not. We now have the lovely housewife role which is hashtagged and which is, like, filtered to make it look even more perfect and, like, perfect to excess. I think it is the role of this character in her suburban community, whereas Dana Mills has none of that. She's living in a very survivalist kind of fashion on this mountain without any of the accoutrements of modern American society.

COLEMAN: Ms. Headley, I'm told that your inspiration for this work came from a literary argument - an argument over how to translate one word in the "Beowulf" tale. And it's one of the most vital words in the whole story.

HEADLEY: Yes. I was sort of wandering through research about Grendel's mother, and I happened to run across something that's pretty well-known in the scholarship on "Beowulf," which is that the word used for Beowulf, for Grendel's mother, for Grendel and for the dragon, who ultimately kills Beowulf, is the same word. For Beowulf, it's the masculine. For Grendel's mother, it's the feminine. We have a lot of debate over how to pronounce this because there's no spoken text for Old English, but it's aeglaeca. And the word means - in the early English translations, it was translated for Beowulf as hero, and for Grendel as monster, and for Grendel's mother as wretch¹² of a woman or hag. And so - but it's the same word. And so that is clearly a choice. That's somebody saying, that's what I think of a woman with a sword.

And that's what I - and, you know, Grendel in "Beowulf," in the original, is monstrous¹³. He's really big. He has claws. Grendel's mother doesn't. She's a woman with a sword. She's a woman who fights, and she's also - the words that describe her are probably related to being noble. She's a noblewoman. But none of that ends up in the translations because that's not as good a story for our culture. So I was really interested in thinking about, like, OK, what does that word really mean? And there's a lot of scholarship about that. The word probably means formidable or awe-inspiring. It's also used to describe the Venerable Bede, who's a scholar, and it's in talking about how impressive his scholarship is.

COLEMAN: So have we've been getting it wrong all along?

HEADLEY: Yeah. The translations in the 20th century of "Beowulf" are really wrong upon wrong because the scholarship about the terminology¹⁴ dates to the '70s. People have been talking about this for a long time. But I think that the way that the translations have run, they've been mostly male translators looking back and thinking, OK, well, I read that guy's translation and he's really a major scholar; he's really smart - in the case of Tolkien, for example, who studied "Beowulf" for 40 years. He was working on a translation for a very long time. And obviously, he's brilliant, but he really received the idea that Grendel's mother was a monster, and it was tempting to him. And I think that a lot of people went back and looked at his work and thought, well, he would know. And that's a tradition that we've had throughout translations of texts like these.

COLEMAN: Maria Dahvana Headley, you have undertaken a new project to be published next year. You are engaged in translating "Beowulf."

HEADLEY: Yes. So it's great. It'll come out - as the paperback¹⁵ of "Mere Wife" comes out, we will also have a new translation, which is mine.

COLEMAN: Why is it vital for women scholars to interpret ancient texts?

HEADLEY: Well, I think it's vital because there's just so little of it in the history. Women were edged out of the ivory towers, edged out of feeling like they had enough skill to be the primary interpreters of texts like this. This text has long been perceived as a masculine text. It's been perceived as, oh, that's about men and war. But I think this text is as much about domesticity as it is about men and war. I think it's a text about home, as much as anything. And Grendel and his mother have a home. And Herot Hall is a home. It's a domestic place. Even though it's a soldier-filled space, and full of stories, and mead¹⁶ and whatever, it's also a story about, how do we live amongst other people? How do we live as neighbors? How do we do those things?

And so I think that, like, for the history of women in literary canons, like, people often interpret our work as, oh, they're just writing about the small domesticity, the, like, little stories of the home. And I think so many of the big stories are the big stories of the home. I think that many of these canonical¹⁷ texts have been kind of misinterpreted as just exclusively masculine when, really, many of them are about love, and about how to sustain it and how to sustain life with a family.

COLEMAN: Maria Dahvana Headley, the author of "The Mere Wife," thank you so much for joining us.

HEADLEY: Thank you so much for having me. This was lots of fun.

1 epic   

n.史诗，叙事诗；adj.史诗般的，壮丽的

参考例句：

• I gave up my epic and wrote this little tale instead.我放弃了写叙事诗，而写了这个小故事。
• They held a banquet of epic proportions.他们举行了盛大的宴会。

2 mighty   

adj.强有力的；巨大的

参考例句：

• A mighty force was about to break loose.一股巨大的力量即将迸发而出。
• The mighty iceberg came into view.巨大的冰山出现在眼前。

3 warrior   

n.勇士，武士，斗士

参考例句：

• The young man is a bold warrior.这个年轻人是个很英勇的武士。
• A true warrior values glory and honor above life.一个真正的勇士珍视荣誉胜过生命。

4 mere   

adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过

参考例句：

• That is a mere repetition of what you said before.那不过是重复了你以前讲的话。
• It's a mere waste of time waiting any longer.再等下去纯粹是浪费时间。

5 isolation   

n.隔离，孤立，分解，分离

参考例句：

• The millionaire lived in complete isolation from the outside world.这位富翁过着与世隔绝的生活。
• He retired and lived in relative isolation.他退休后，生活比较孤寂。

6 grandeur   

n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华

参考例句：

• The grandeur of the Great Wall is unmatched.长城的壮观是独一无二的。
• These ruins sufficiently attest the former grandeur of the place.这些遗迹充分证明此处昔日的宏伟。

7 injustice   

n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利

参考例句：

• They complained of injustice in the way they had been treated.他们抱怨受到不公平的对待。
• All his life he has been struggling against injustice.他一生都在与不公正现象作斗争。

8 onward   

adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先

参考例句：

• The Yellow River surges onward like ten thousand horses galloping.黄河以万马奔腾之势滚滚向前。
• He followed in the steps of forerunners and marched onward.他跟随着先辈的足迹前进。

9 suburban   

adj.城郊的，在郊区的

参考例句：

• Suburban shopping centers were springing up all over America. 效区的商业中心在美国如雨后春笋般地兴起。
• There's a lot of good things about suburban living.郊区生活是有许多优点。

10 glamour   

n.魔力，魅力；vt.迷住

参考例句：

• Foreign travel has lost its glamour for her.到国外旅行对她已失去吸引力了。
• The moonlight cast a glamour over the scene.月光给景色增添了魅力。

11 tempting   

a.诱人的, 吸引人的

参考例句：

• It is tempting to idealize the past. 人都爱把过去的日子说得那么美好。
• It was a tempting offer. 这是个诱人的提议。

12 wretch   

n.可怜的人，不幸的人；卑鄙的人

参考例句：

• You are really an ungrateful wretch to complain instead of thanking him.你不但不谢他，还埋怨他，真不知好歹。
• The dead husband is not the dishonoured wretch they fancied him.死去的丈夫不是他们所想象的不光彩的坏蛋。

13 monstrous   

adj.巨大的；恐怖的；可耻的，丢脸的

参考例句：

• The smoke began to whirl and grew into a monstrous column.浓烟开始盘旋上升，形成了一个巨大的烟柱。
• Your behaviour in class is monstrous!你在课堂上的行为真是丢人！

14 terminology   

n.术语；专有名词

参考例句：

• He particularly criticized the terminology in the document.他特别批评了文件中使用的术语。
• The article uses rather specialized musical terminology.这篇文章用了相当专业的音乐术语。

15 paperback   

n.平装本，简装本

参考例句：

• A paperback edition is now available at bookshops.平装本现在在书店可以买到。
• Many books that are out of print are reissued in paperback form.许多绝版的书籍又以平装本形式重新出现。

16 mead   

n.蜂蜜酒

参考例句：

• He gave me a cup of mead.他给我倒了杯蜂蜜酒。
• He drank some mead at supper.晚饭时他喝了一些蜂蜜酒。

17 canonical   

n.权威的；典型的

参考例句：

• These canonical forms have to existence except in our imagination.这些正规式并不存在，只是我们的想象。
• This is a combinatorial problem in canonical form.这是组合论中的典型问题。