PBS高端访谈:理查德·福特的最新小说《加拿大》

 　　GWEN IFILL: Finally tonight: a break from real-world worries, as an award-winning author takes us on a fictional¹ journey north.

　　Jeffrey Brown has our conversation.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: "First, I will tell but the robbery our parents committed, then about the murders which happened later."

　　The events that will reshape the life of 15-year-old Dell Parsons are offered up in the opening lines of Canada the new novel by Richard Ford², Pulitzer Prize-winning author whose works include the "Bascombe" trilogy, "The Sportswriter," "Independence Day," and "The Lay of the Land," and the short story collections "Rock Springs" and "A Multitude of Sins."

　　Richard Ford joins me now.

　　Welcome.

　　RICHARD FORD, author of "Canada": Thank you, Jeff.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: Maybe we should start with those first lines. You tell us what's going to happen.

　　RICHARD FORD: Yes.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: And then what?

　　RICHARD FORD: I was interested in what happens after such things as robberies and such things as murders.

　　I was interested in the consequences of these events, because the teller³ of this event is in part—I say in part because it's an adult and child at once—a 15-year-old boy whose parents become bank robbers.

　　And I thought, gee⁴, what happens to 15-year-old kids when their parents become bank robbers? So I thought the consequences of these events are for me more interested in the—than the events themselves. I also think that that's where morality resides for most of us.

　　If we're Christians⁵, I guess we believe that morality resides in our hearts because we know what we should do. For most people, we have to make mistakes to find out.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: It's what happens after we make the mistakes.

　　RICHARD FORD: Yes, what happens after, right.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: So here you have Dell. He's living in Great Falls, Montana...

　　RICHARD FORD: Right.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: ... 1960.

　　RICHARD FORD: Yes.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: And he's living with his twin sister and the parents who you say commit a bank robbery, but, as you also write, were the least likely people in the whole world to rob a bank.

　　RICHARD FORD: The closeness to which normal life bears upon felonious life in this instance is very interesting to me.

　　I mean, you can drive by these people's houses in Great Falls, Montana, if you were to, and look through their window, and there would be a woman and a man and their two children, and they would be having dinner. And the next day, they would go rob a bank. There's something about that, that dichotomous drama between those two completely disparate kinds of carrying on life that's interesting to me.

　　And when you feel that kind of a commotion⁶ about something as a writer, then you want to give language to it.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: And what about these two voices, as you say? Because there's a 15-year-old telling the tale in a very immediate—at the moment it's happening. And then there's this 60-something self, same person, looking back in a more contemplative, nostalgic, "How did I become the person I am?" way.

　　RICHARD FORD: Yes. Yes.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: How do you get those two voices right?

　　RICHARD FORD: It puts a strain on the person who is making the diction, the sentences.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: That would be you.

　　RICHARD FORD: Yes, that would be.

　　For the most part, you want to have the persuasive⁷ voice of a 15-year-old, but occasionally—and readers will let you do this if you have got something to tell them—occasionally, I want to be able to soar, in essence. I want to be able to talk in the lingo⁸ of a 65-year-old man who has lived a full life and who is educated and smart, who has been a teacher and who can articulate things that that 15-year-old boy couldn't articulate.

　　You might think that those two ways of expressing a character's life are antipodal almost, or at least they're in—they're a clash of some kind.

　　In fact, as I say, they don't clash in truth. In our heads every day, we carry around all kinds of voices which ourselves make an integrated whole out of.

　　So it's not hard, I don't think, for readers to—to let a writer do that if you are going to deliver the goods.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: What do you mean readers will let you do that if you—yes?

　　RICHARD FORD: Close the book. That's...

　　(LAUGHTER)

　　JEFFREY BROWN: You mean literally⁹.

　　RICHARD FORD: Yes. When readers don't let you do something, what they do is they close the book.

　　I kind of have a feeling that when readers open a book, mine or somebody else's, one of the things that they're doing is looking for a reason to stop reading, because I'm constantly having to say, no, no, no...

　　JEFFREY BROWN: You mean go do something else.

　　RICHARD FORD: ... don't stop reading now, keep on reading.

　　It's kind of like the old notion of all boats are looking for a place to sink. I think readers are looking for a place to get out of the book. And so it's my job to get them to the end. Somebody wrote me a letter not long ago and said that she didn't like my book at all. She thought it was bad, it was terrible.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: She thought she'd tell you about it.

　　RICHARD FORD: Yes. She thought she would bring that piece of news to me.

　　And I said, lady, I said, that's fine, I said, but you seem to have read it all, so for me it's win-win.

　　(LAUGHTER)

　　JEFFREY BROWN: I'm also interested in the writing itself, because I noticed, as did a number of viewers, that there's a different sentence structure, different kind of language in this book set in Montana and Canada, as compared to, for example, the "Bascombe" books set largely in New Jersey¹⁰.

　　And I saw where you told an interviewer, "When I write sentences set in Montana, I write different kinds of sentences."

　　RICHARD FORD: Yes. Yes, it's probably true.

　　I don't like the formulation that has—that allows anything to determine how I write sentences. But it is nonetheless true that when I was living in Mississippi and Arkansas, where I grew up, when I would start to write things that were set there, the sentences would change just automatically.

　　Likewise, when I write things that are set in Montana, the sentences don't always change the same way from, say, the sentences about Frank Bascombe in New Jersey, but they change in some way. As I say...

　　JEFFREY BROWN: You're not aware of it. It is just happening.

　　RICHARD FORD: I am aware of it. I just don't like to concede it very much.

　　I don't want anything that is a force without a name and without a character to be determining how I write sentences. But, nonetheless, it's my relationship, I suppose, with the place which makes a certain kinds of strain and makes a certain kind of demand on the stylistics of the book.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: Now, speaking of place, I find—I found myself smiling at times and at the title of the book.

　　RICHARD FORD: Yes.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: And I would tell people that I'm reading this wonderfully American novel titled "Canada."

　　RICHARD FORD: I was interested in Canada for a number of reasons.

　　I thought it was a good title for the book. Once, years ago, an editor talked me out of a title that I really liked. I have never forgiven myself for it. I won't tell you which book it was.

　　But I wanted to write a book whose destination was Canada for a child like Dell Parsons, who has had a calamitous¹¹ young life.

　　And—because I'm very fond of Canada. I mean, I think of myself as a patriotic¹² American. I vote. I volunteered for the Marine¹³ Corps¹⁴. I did all of these patriotic things, but I like Canada. And I felt like in some ways Canada was a place that would be restorative for him over the course of his life.

　　I mean, it seemed to pose itself for me as a kind of image within which I could house all kinds of good things that would eventually happen to him and be plausible¹⁵.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: And it worked out?

　　RICHARD FORD: It worked out. It did.

　　You get to the end of the book, where that lady apparently¹⁶ didn't like it.

　　(LAUGHTER)

　　RICHARD FORD: And she should have liked it.

　　You get to the end of the book, and he is restored, I think, in fact. It has a good ending, this book.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: All right, the book, the novel is "Canada."

　　RICHARD FORD: Yes.

　　JEFFREY BROWN: Richard Ford, nice to talk to you.

　　RICHARD FORD: Thank you, Jeff.

1 fictional   

adj.小说的，虚构的

参考例句：

• The names of the shops are entirely fictional.那些商店的名字完全是虚构的。
• The two authors represent the opposite poles of fictional genius.这两位作者代表了天才小说家两个极端。

2 Ford   

n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过

参考例句：

• They were guarding the bridge,so we forded the river.他们驻守在那座桥上，所以我们只能涉水过河。
• If you decide to ford a stream,be extremely careful.如果已决定要涉过小溪，必须极度小心。

3 teller   

n.银行出纳员；(选举)计票员

参考例句：

• The bank started her as a teller.银行起用她当出纳员。
• The teller tried to remain aloof and calm.出纳员力图保持冷漠和镇静。

4 gee   

n.马；int.向右！前进！，惊讶时所发声音；v.向右转

参考例句：

• Their success last week will gee the team up.上星期的胜利将激励这支队伍继续前进。
• Gee,We're going to make a lot of money.哇！我们会赚好多钱啦！

5 Christians   

n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Christians of all denominations attended the conference. 基督教所有教派的人都出席了这次会议。
• His novel about Jesus caused a furore among Christians. 他关于耶稣的小说激起了基督教徒的公愤。

6 commotion   

n.骚动，动乱

参考例句：

• They made a commotion by yelling at each other in the theatre.他们在剧院里相互争吵，引起了一阵骚乱。
• Suddenly the whole street was in commotion.突然间，整条街道变得一片混乱。

7 persuasive   

adj.有说服力的，能说得使人相信的

参考例句：

• His arguments in favour of a new school are very persuasive.他赞成办一座新学校的理由很有说服力。
• The evidence was not really persuasive enough.证据并不是太有说服力。

8 lingo   

n.语言不知所云，外国话，隐语

参考例句：

• If you live abroad it helps to know the local lingo.住在国外，学一点当地的语言自有好处。
• Don't use all that technical lingo try and explain in plain English.别尽用那种专门术语，用普通的词语解释吧。

9 literally   

adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实

参考例句：

• He translated the passage literally.他逐字逐句地翻译这段文字。
• Sometimes she would not sit down till she was literally faint.有时候，她不走到真正要昏厥了，决不肯坐下来。

10 jersey   

n.运动衫

参考例句：

• He wears a cotton jersey when he plays football.他穿运动衫踢足球。
• They were dressed alike in blue jersey and knickers.他们穿着一致，都是蓝色的运动衫和灯笼短裤。

11 calamitous   

adj.灾难的，悲惨的；多灾多难；惨重

参考例句：

• We are exposed to the most calamitous accidents. 我们遭受着极大的灾难。 来自辞典例句
• Light reveals the subtle alteration of things, the sly or calamitous impermanence or mortal life. 事物的细微变动，人生的狡猾，倏忽无常，一一都在光中显露出来。 来自辞典例句

12 patriotic   

adj.爱国的，有爱国心的

参考例句：

• His speech was full of patriotic sentiments.他的演说充满了爱国之情。
• The old man is a patriotic overseas Chinese.这位老人是一位爱国华侨。

13 marine   

adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵

参考例句：

• Marine creatures are those which live in the sea. 海洋生物是生存在海里的生物。
• When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时，他自愿参加了海军陆战队。

14 corps   

n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组

参考例句：

• The medical corps were cited for bravery in combat.医疗队由于在战场上的英勇表现而受嘉奖。
• When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时，他自愿参加了海军陆战队。

15 plausible   

adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的

参考例句：

• His story sounded plausible.他说的那番话似乎是真实的。
• Her story sounded perfectly plausible.她的说辞听起来言之有理。

16 apparently   

adv.显然地；表面上，似乎

参考例句：

• An apparently blind alley leads suddenly into an open space.山穷水尽，豁然开朗。
• He was apparently much surprised at the news.他对那个消息显然感到十分惊异。