科学美国人60秒 SSS 鱿鱼发光的皮肤图案可能是密码

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Susanne Bard¹.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学系列，我是苏珊娜·巴德。

More than 1,500 feet below the surface of the ocean, it's darker than a moonless night. But even in this murky² world, there's constant activity—including groups of Humboldt squid, each the size of a small adult human, darting³ around in search of fish.

海面以下1500多英尺的地方，比没有月亮的夜晚还要黑暗。但即便在这个阴暗的世界里，也有持续性活动，其中包括洪堡鱿鱼群，每只体型都如矮小成年人，它们在水中四处飞奔寻找鱼。

"You can think of them as little rocket ships. They jet through the water. And they engage in these feeding frenzies⁴. They're always looking out for an opportunity to eat."

“你可以将它们想象成小型火箭船。它们在水中喷射。它们疯狂地进食。它们总在寻找进食机会。”

Stanford University biologist Ben Burford. He says feeding in a group requires careful navigation.

斯坦福大学的生物学家本·伯福德说到。他表示，群体进食需要仔细辨别方向。

"These animals are cannibalistic; they're pretty aggressive. So there's probably some risk to group living. We think a lot of the communication they do in these groups helps with that. Like, imagine driving in heavy traffic with a bunch of aggressive drivers, say down in Los Angeles. Thank goodness you have turn signals and brake lights and horns on your cars, because that prevents a lot of catastrophe⁵ from happening."

“这些动物会同类相食；它们非常好斗。因此群体生活可能存在一定风险。我们认为它们在这些群体中进行的大量交流有助于避开风险。比如，想象一下在拥挤的交通中开车时，周围有一群好斗的司机，就像在洛杉矶那样。谢天谢地，你的车上有转向灯、刹车灯和喇叭，因为这能避免很多灾难的发生。”

Burford thinks Humboldt squid communicate in the dark ocean by using their own form of signaling. They do it by turning their bodies into animated⁶ message boards. How? Like other cephalopods, they can rapidly change the pigmentation patterns on their skin by contracting and relaxing their muscles. What's more, their bodies can glow.

伯福德认为，洪堡鱿鱼用自已的信号方式在黑暗的海洋中交流。它们将自己的身体变成活动留言板。如何做到？像其它头足类动物那样，它们可以通过收缩和放松肌肉来迅速改变皮肤上的色素沉着图案。此外，他们的身体可以发光。

"They're creating a bioluminescent backlighting for their pigmentation patterns. So it becomes somewhat like an e-reader, something you can actually read in the dark. They're essentially⁷ just, you know, selectively revealing and concealing⁸ different parts of a glowing body, producing these patterns on top of a glowing body."

“它们为色素沉着图案创造生物性发光的逆光。因此它们有点像电子阅读器，就是你可以在黑暗中阅读的东西。它们基本上会选择性地展现和隐藏发光身体的不同部位，在发光身体表面产生这些图案。”

Burford suspected that the squids could be combining different pigmentation patterns to create complex signals.

伯福德怀疑洪堡鱿鱼能将不同色素沉着图案结合起来，创造出复杂的信号。

"So each of those elements could mean something. And they might have the potential to combine them to generate more meanings."

“因此每种元素也许都有其意义。它们可能将其结合起来制造更多意义。”

To find out, his team attached cameras to remotely operated vehicles in order to study the squids' behavior.

为了找到答案，他的团队将摄像机装在遥控水下航行器上，以研究鱿鱼的行为。

"We looked at how they arranged their patterns in sequence during prey⁹-capture events."

“我们观察它们在捕猎活动中如何按顺序安排图案。”

The researchers found preliminary evidence that the sequence of patterns varies consistently in specific contexts. For example, the squid tended to flicker¹⁰ when many other squid were around or darken when pursuing prey, only to change their pattern just before striking.

研究人员发现，初步证据表明，在特定环境中，图案顺序会持续变化。比如，周围有同类时，鱿鱼往往会闪烁发光；而在追捕猎物时，鱿鱼的颜色会变暗，只在攻击前改变图案。

The study is in the Proceedings¹¹ of the National Academy of Sciences.

这项研究发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上。

Burford eventually hopes to do underwater experiments in which the squid are shown playbacks of their visual signaling—virtual glowing squid, if you will. Their reactions should be illuminating¹².

伯福德最终希望能进行水下实验，给鱿鱼展示视觉信号回放，如果你愿意的话，这也称为虚拟发光鱿鱼。它们的反应应该很有启发性（发光）。

Thanks for listening for Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Susanne Bard.

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是苏珊娜·巴德。

1 bard   

n.吟游诗人

参考例句：

• I'll use my bard song to help you concentrate!我会用我的吟游诗人歌曲帮你集中精神！
• I find him,the wandering grey bard.我发现了正在徘徊的衰老游唱诗人。

2 murky   

adj.黑暗的，朦胧的；adv.阴暗地，混浊地；n.阴暗；昏暗

参考例句：

• She threw it into the river's murky depths.她把它扔进了混浊的河水深处。
• She had a decidedly murky past.她的历史背景令人捉摸不透。

3 darting   

v.投掷，投射( dart的现在分词 )；向前冲，飞奔

参考例句：

• Swallows were darting through the clouds. 燕子穿云急飞。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• Swallows were darting through the air. 燕子在空中掠过。 来自辞典例句

4 frenzies   

狂乱( frenzy的名词复数 )； 极度的激动

参考例句：

5 catastrophe   

n.大灾难，大祸

参考例句：

• I owe it to you that I survived the catastrophe.亏得你我才大难不死。
• This is a catastrophe beyond human control.这是一场人类无法控制的灾难。

6 animated   

adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的

参考例句：

• His observations gave rise to an animated and lively discussion.他的言论引起了一场气氛热烈而活跃的讨论。
• We had an animated discussion over current events last evening.昨天晚上我们热烈地讨论时事。

7 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

8 concealing   

v.隐藏，隐瞒，遮住( conceal的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• Despite his outward display of friendliness, I sensed he was concealing something. 尽管他表现得友善，我还是感觉到他有所隐瞒。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• SHE WAS BREAKING THE COMPACT, AND CONCEALING IT FROM HIM. 她违反了他们之间的约定，还把他蒙在鼓里。 来自英汉文学 - 三万元遗产

9 prey   

n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨

参考例句：

• Stronger animals prey on weaker ones.弱肉强食。
• The lion was hunting for its prey.狮子在寻找猎物。

10 flicker   

vi./n.闪烁，摇曳，闪现

参考例句：

• There was a flicker of lights coming from the abandoned house.这所废弃的房屋中有灯光闪烁。
• At first,the flame may be a small flicker,barely shining.开始时，光辉可能是微弱地忽隐忽现，几乎并不灿烂。

11 proceedings   

n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报

参考例句：

• He was released on bail pending committal proceedings. 他交保获释正在候审。
• to initiate legal proceedings against sb 对某人提起诉讼

12 illuminating   

a.富于启发性的，有助阐明的

参考例句：

• We didn't find the examples he used particularly illuminating. 我们觉得他采用的那些例证启发性不是特别大。
• I found his talk most illuminating. 我觉得他的话很有启发性。