科学美国人60秒 SSS 独角鲸的长牙有何用?

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Jason Goldman.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学。我是杰森·古德曼。

Deep beneath the frozen surface of the Arctic swims a sea unicorn¹.

在北极冰冻海面的深层，游动着海洋独角兽。

In reality, it's a whale with a spiral tusk² sprouting³ from its head—the narwhal.

实际上，这是一种头上长着螺旋状象牙的鲸鱼——独角鲸。

Biologists have long debated the purpose of male narwhals' tusks⁴.

生物学家一直就雄性独角鲸长牙的作用争论不休。

The tusk, like those of elephants, are actually elongated⁵ teeth.

像大象一样，这些长牙实际上是拉长的牙。

And since narwhals are usually below the sea ice, it's tough to see how they use their tusk.

而且，由于独角鲸通常在海冰下，因此很难看到它们如何使用长牙。

"It turns out we don't know pretty much anything about them, because they're impossible to study in the wild."

“事实证明我们对独角鲸不太了解，因为不可能在野外研究它们。”

Arizona State University evolutionary⁶ biology graduate student Zackary Graham.

亚利桑那州立大学的进化生物学研究生扎卡里·格雷厄姆说到。

He wondered if the males' tusks were a sign of status as a potential reproductive partner.

他想知道雄性的长牙是否是潜在繁殖配偶的身份标志。

Comparing tusk size to the whales' overall body size could provide evidence.

将长牙大小与独角鲸的整体体型进行对比可以提供证据。

"One of the main trends that has been documented in over 100 different animals of one hundred different traits is disproportionate growth.

“在拥有各种特征的100多种动物身上，我们记录下的主要趋势之一是生长不均。

We call that hyperallometry. All that means is that the sexual trait is growing disproportionately, compared to the rest of the body.

我们称之为超异速生长。这意味着，与身体其它部位相比，性特征的生长不成比例。

So it's not like the biggest narwhal is just a scaled up version of a baby narwhal.

因此，最大的独角鲸并不是小独角鲸的放大版。

What we see is that the tusk is disproportionately long. And then we also see that there is intensive variation."

我们看到的是，长牙过长，与身体不成比例。之后我们还会看到剧烈变化。”

So Graham and his team turned to measurements collected from 250 adult males over 35 years.

因此，格雷厄姆及其团队找来了35年来从250只雄性成年独角鲸身上收集而来的测量结果。

"The majority of them are from the Inuit hunt. So the Inuit have been killing⁷ narwhals for thousands and thousands of years.

“测量数据大多来自因纽特人的捕猎。因此，因纽特人捕猎独角鲸的历史已有数千年。

And any time they do that, the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources asks them to collect a bunch of data."

他们无论在何时捕猎，格陵兰自然资源研究所都要求他们收集大量数据。”

Turns out the length of the tusks can vary widely even for males the same size, ranging from a foot and a half to more than eight feet.

结果发现，即使是体型相同的雄性，长牙长度也可能差异世大，从1.5英尺到8英尺不等。

The finding is in the journal Biology Letters.

这项研究发表在《生物学通讯》期刊上。

The top tusks thus appear to be like a billboard⁸ that shouts, "Look at me. I'm the biggest."

这样看来，头顶长牙看起来像是高喊“看我，我最大”的广告牌。

After all, only the strongest, best fed individuals can afford to produce such an ostentatious ornament⁹.

毕竟，只有最强壮、营养最足的个体才能长出如此炫的装饰品。

Of course, tusks can do more than just say, "Hey, how you doin'?"

当然，长牙的作用不仅仅是说“嘿，你怎么样？”

"But the fact that these narwhals always have these scars on them makes us think that it's likely a communication structure that also functions as a weapon."

“但这些独角鲸身上常有伤疤，我们认为，这很可能是具有武器功能的通讯结构。”

For Graham, there's also a larger issue:

对于格雷厄姆来说，还有个更大的问题：

some evolutionary biologists have recently proposed a hypothesis that groups of animals with elaborate sexual signals are more likely to speciate and diversify¹⁰ than those without.

一些进化生物学家最近提出了一个假设，即拥有复杂性信号的动物比没有的动物更容易形成物种并多样化。

"We know the world is changing around us more than ever,

“我们知道周围的世界正在经历前所未有的变化，

so understanding how and why species are going to be able to adapt and deal with this is key if we are to protect and manage the species we have on earth today."

因此，如果我们要保护和管理我们今天地球上的现有物种，关键就是要了解物种如何以及为何能够适应和处理这种变化。”

Thanks for listening for Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Jason Goldman.

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是杰森·古德曼。

1 unicorn   

n.(传说中的)独角兽

参考例句：

• The unicorn is an imaginary beast.独角兽是幻想出来的动物。
• I believe unicorn was once living in the world.我相信独角兽曾经生活在这个世界。

2 tusk   

n.獠牙，长牙，象牙

参考例句：

• The wild boar had its tusk sunk deeply into a tree and howled desperately.野猪的獠牙陷在了树里，绝望地嗥叫着。
• A huge tusk decorated the wall of his study.他书房的墙上装饰着一支巨大的象牙。

3 sprouting   

v.发芽( sprout的现在分词 )；抽芽；出现；（使）涌现出

参考例句：

• new leaves sprouting from the trees 树上长出的新叶
• They were putting fresh earth around sprouting potato stalks. 他们在往绽出新芽的土豆秧周围培新土。 来自名作英译部分

4 tusks   

n.（象等动物的）长牙( tusk的名词复数 )；獠牙；尖形物；尖头

参考例句：

• The elephants are poached for their tusks. 为获取象牙而偷猎大象。
• Elephant tusks, monkey tails and salt were used in some parts of Africa. 非洲的一些地区则使用象牙、猴尾和盐。 来自英语晨读30分（高一）

5 elongated   

v.延长，加长( elongate的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Modigliani's women have strangely elongated faces. 莫迪里阿尼画中的妇女都长着奇长无比的脸。
• A piece of rubber can be elongated by streching. 一块橡皮可以拉长。 来自《用法词典》

6 evolutionary   

adj.进化的；演化的，演变的；[生]进化论的

参考例句：

• Life has its own evolutionary process.生命有其自身的进化过程。
• These are fascinating questions to be resolved by the evolutionary studies of plants.这些十分吸引人的问题将在研究植物进化过程中得以解决。

7 killing   

n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财

参考例句：

• Investors are set to make a killing from the sell-off.投资者准备清仓以便大赚一笔。
• Last week my brother made a killing on Wall Street.上个周我兄弟在华尔街赚了一大笔。

8 billboard   

n.布告板，揭示栏，广告牌

参考例句：

• He ploughed his energies into his father's billboard business.他把精力投入到父亲的广告牌业务中。
• Billboard spreads will be simpler and more eye-catching.广告牌广告会比较简单且更引人注目。

9 ornament   

v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物

参考例句：

• The flowers were put on the table for ornament.花放在桌子上做装饰用。
• She wears a crystal ornament on her chest.她的前胸戴了一个水晶饰品。

10 diversify   

v.（使）不同，（使）变得多样化

参考例句：

• Our company is trying to diversify.我们公司正力图往多样化方面发展。
• Hills and woods diversify the landscape.山陵和树木点缀景色。