科学美国人60秒 SSS 加那利群岛火山爆发重置火山预测

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Christopher Intagliata.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学系列，我是克里斯托弗·因塔利亚塔。

For three months now, the Cumbre Vieja volcano has unleashed¹ fury upon the island of La Palma, in the Spanish Canary Islands.

三个月来，坎布雷·维贾(Cumbre Vieja)火山一直在西班牙加那利群岛的拉帕尔马岛上肆虐。

Ash has rained from the sky. Rivers of lava² have consumed at least 2600 buildings, and razed³ plantations⁴ of bananas and avocados.

火山灰从天而降。 熔岩河吞噬了至少2600座建筑，将香蕉和鳄梨种植园夷为平地。

The magma's movement underground has triggered clusters of earthquakes too—more than a dozen hit La Palma on a recent day.

岩浆在地下的运动也引发了一连串的地震-最近一天，拉帕尔马就发生了十几次地震。

Despite that devastation⁵, only one death has been attributed to the eruption⁶.

尽管造成了如此大的破坏，但只有一人死于火山喷发。

And volcanologists say the recent activity has them rethinking their predictions of the volcano's next move.

火山学家说，最近的火山喷发让他们重新考虑对火山下一步活动的预测。

"It's always useful to see a new volcano personality."

“观察一个新的火山性格总是很有用的。”

Marc-Antoine Longpré is a volcanologist at the City University of New York.

马克·安托万·朗普雷是纽约城市大学的火山学家。

He says every eruption helps scientists better understand volcanoes, and improve their forecasts.

他说，每次喷发都有助于科学家更好地了解火山，并改善他们的预测。

One lesson is that volcanoes in the Canary Islands behave a little bit differently from other basaltic volcanoes we commonly see in the media for example, like Hawaiian volcanoes and Etna in Italy.

其中一个经验是，加那利群岛的火山活动与我们在媒体上经常看到的其他玄武岩火山有点不同，例如，夏威夷火山和意大利的埃特纳火山。

He explains that those volcanoes tend to have a shorter run-up to their eruptions⁷.

他解释说，这些火山在喷发前往往有一个较短的助燃阶段。

Whereas Cumbre Vieja began to reawaken years ago, in October 2017, with a cluster of tiny earthquakes.

而坎布雷·维贾(Cumbre Vieja)火山在几年前，也就是2017年10月，伴随着一系列的小地震开始重新苏醒。

In the years since, the volcano has triggered sporadic⁸ swarms⁹ of tiny quakes.

在那之后的几年里，这个火山引发了零星的小地震。

But on September 11th, 2021 -- eight days before the eruption -- things picked up.

但在2021年9月11日，也就是火山喷发前8天，火山活动加速了。

A couple of hundred quakes hit every day.

每天都有几百次地震。

And the ground began to deform¹⁰, probably due to flows of magma.

地面开始变形，可能是因为岩浆流动。

In hindsight it took a long time for the volcano to reactivate but in the end there was a week of late stage warning that an eruption was going to come.

事后看来，这座火山花了很长时间才重新活跃起来，但在最后，火山爆发的末期有一个星期的预警。

So that's something that will be useful in the future for sure.

这在将来肯定是有用的。

Longpré's analysis appears in the journal Science.

朗普雷的分析发表在《科学》杂志上。

Cumbre Vieja last erupted 50 years ago, in 1971.

坎布雷·维贾(Cumbre Vieja)火山上一次喷发是在50年前的1971年。

Next time, Longpré says, forecasters will be better prepared.

朗普雷说，下一次，预报员将会准备得更好。

In 50 years or maybe longer, when the volcano reactivates again, we will know from this current experience that it may take several years before the eruption actually shows up.

在50年或更久的时间里，当火山再次活跃时，我们将从目前的经验中得知，喷发可能需要几年时间才会真正出现。

And we also see that it can accelerate very rapidly and in the end give a short warning for an imminent¹¹ eruption.

我们也看到火山活动可以非常迅速地加速，最后给出一个即将喷发的短暂预警。

But, as he writes in his paper -- predicting eruptions is one thing.

但是，正如他在论文中所写的那样，预测火山喷发是一回事。

Smart urban planning, to avoid the long-term risks of living on the flanks of a volcano, is entirely¹² another.

明智的城市规划，以避免长期生活在火山两侧的风险，则完全是另一回事。

Thanks for listening for Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Christopher Intagliata.

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是克里斯托弗·因塔利亚塔。

1 unleashed   

v.把（感情、力量等）释放出来，发泄( unleash的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The government's proposals unleashed a storm of protest in the press. 政府的提案引发了新闻界的抗议浪潮。
• The full force of his rage was unleashed against me. 他把所有的怒气都发泄在我身上。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 lava   

n.熔岩，火山岩

参考例句：

• The lava flowed down the sides of the volcano.熔岩沿火山坡面涌流而下。
• His anger spilled out like lava.他的愤怒像火山爆发似的迸发出来。

3 razed   

v.彻底摧毁，将…夷为平地( raze的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The village was razed to the ground . 这座村庄被夷为平地。
• Many villages were razed to the ground. 许多村子被夷为平地。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 plantations   

n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Soon great plantations, supported by slave labor, made some families very wealthy. 不久之后出现了依靠奴隶劳动的大庄园，使一些家庭成了富豪。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
• Winterborne's contract was completed, and the plantations were deserted. 维恩特波恩的合同完成后，那片林地变得荒废了。 来自辞典例句

5 devastation   

n.毁坏；荒废；极度震惊或悲伤

参考例句：

• The bomb caused widespread devastation. 炸弹造成大面积破坏。
• There was devastation on every side. 到处都是破坏的创伤。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 eruption   

n.火山爆发；（战争等）爆发；（疾病等）发作

参考例句：

• The temple was destroyed in the violent eruption of 1470 BC.庙宇在公元前1470年猛烈的火山爆发中摧毁了。
• The eruption of a volcano is spontaneous.火山的爆发是自发的。

7 eruptions   

n.喷发，爆发( eruption的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• There have been several volcanic eruptions this year. 今年火山爆发了好几次。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Over 200 people have been killed by volcanic eruptions. 火山喷发已导致200多人丧生。 来自辞典例句

8 sporadic   

adj.偶尔发生的 [反]regular；分散的

参考例句：

• The sound of sporadic shooting could still be heard.仍能听见零星的枪声。
• You know this better than I.I received only sporadic news about it.你们比我更清楚，而我听到的只是零星消息。

9 swarms   

蜂群，一大群( swarm的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• They came to town in swarms. 他们蜂拥来到城里。
• On June the first there were swarms of children playing in the park. 6月1日那一天，这个公园里有一群群的孩子玩耍。

10 deform   

vt.损坏…的形状；使变形，使变丑；vi.变形

参考例句：

• Shoes that are too tight deform the feet.(穿)太紧的鞋子会使脚变形。
• Ice crystals begin to deform measurably.冰晶就产生某种程度的变形了。

11 imminent   

adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的

参考例句：

• The black clounds show that a storm is imminent.乌云预示暴风雨即将来临。
• The country is in imminent danger.国难当头。

12 entirely   

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
• His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。