科学美国人60秒 SSS 虎鲨因海洋变暖转移栖息地

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Christopher Intagliata.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学系列，我是克里斯托弗·因塔利亚塔。

As it happens, tiger sharks have something in common with certain East Coasters.

碰巧，虎鲨和某些东海岸动物有一些共同之处。

During the winter, when it’s cold, they snowbird down near the Bahamas and off of Florida.

冬天天气寒冷时，虎鲨会在巴哈马群岛附近和佛罗里达附近过冬。

And then, during the summer, they migrate north.

然后，在夏天，它们向北迁移。

Neil Hammerschlag is director of the Shark Research & Conservation Program at the University of Miami.

尼尔·哈默施拉格是迈阿密大学鲨鱼研究与保护项目的负责人。

He and his colleagues analyzed¹ 40 years of fishing catch data and found that as ocean waters warm, the sharks’ range has shifted some 250 miles to the north.

他和他的同事分析了40年来的捕鱼数据，发现随着海水变暖，鲨鱼的活动范围向北移动了250英里。

The sharks, it seems, are chasing their preferred water temperatures to the north.

鲨鱼似乎是在追逐它们喜欢的北方水温。

They also tracked dozens of tiger sharks with satellite tags for nine years and found similar results.

研究人员还用卫星标签追踪了数十只虎鲨，历时9年，发现了类似的结果。

So taken together, we have several lines of evidence that tiger shark distributions and migrations² are changing from ocean warming, causing their distributions and migrations to expand further north.

综上所述，我们有几条证据表明，随着海洋变暖，虎鲨的分布和迁徙正在发生变化，这导致它们的分布和迁徙向更北的地方扩展。

And in these areas, they occur earlier in the year from ocean warming.

在这些地区，由于海洋变暖，虎鲨会在一年的早些时候出现。

Their findings appear in the journal Global Change Biology.

他们的发现发表在《全球变化生物学》杂志上。

This shift matters, Hammerschlag says, because tiger sharks are apex³ predators⁴, and where they go influences the food web beneath them.

哈默施拉格表示，这种转变很重要，因为虎鲨是食物链顶端的掠食者，它们的去向会影响它们下面的食物网。

The sharks are also moving outside marine⁵ protected areas and into places where they’re more vulnerable to commercial fishing.

这些鲨鱼也离开了海洋保护区，来到了更容易遭受商业捕捞的地方。

What this points to is: these marine protected areas need to consider current but also future changes in species distribution due to ocean warming.

这表明:这些海洋保护区需要考虑目前以及未来由于海洋变暖而造成的物种分布的变化。

And they certainly have to be adaptive and maybe, you know, work with not only having marine protected areas but also other protections, like catch limits and other types of more traditional species conservation and management tools, in addition to protecting places.

这些保护区必须具有适应性，不仅要有海洋保护区，还要有其他的保护措施，比如捕捞限制和其他更传统的物种保护和管理工具，除了保护场所以外。

Now, if you don’t find the ecological⁶ argument convincing, Hammerschlag pointed⁷ out one more implication.

现在，如果你觉得生态论证不令人信服，哈默施拉格还指出了另一个可能的影响。

Although shark bites are relatively⁸ rare, he says, if tiger sharks shift their range—and warmer waters draw more bathers to the ocean—that could up the odds⁹ of an unfortunate encounter beneath the waves.

他表示，虽然鲨鱼咬人的情况相对少见，但如果虎鲨改变它们的活动范围——温暖的海水吸引更多的游泳者——那么在水下遭遇不幸的几率就会增加。

Thanks for listening for Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Christopher Intagliata.

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是克里斯托弗·因塔利亚塔。

1 analyzed   

v.分析( analyze的过去式和过去分词 )；分解；解释；对…进行心理分析

参考例句：

• The doctors analyzed the blood sample for anemia. 医生们分析了贫血的血样。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The young man did not analyze the process of his captivation and enrapturement, for love to him was a mystery and could not be analyzed. 这年轻人没有分析自己蛊惑著迷的过程，因为对他来说，爱是个不可分析的迷。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 migrations   

n.迁移，移居( migration的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• It foundered during the turmoils accompanying the Great Migrations. 它在随着民族大迁徙而出现的混乱中崩溃。 来自辞典例句
• Birds also have built-in timepieces which send them off on fall and spring migrations. 鸟类也有天生的时间感应器指导它们秋春迁移。 来自互联网

3 apex   

n.顶点，最高点

参考例句：

• He reached the apex of power in the early 1930s.他在三十年代初达到了权力的顶峰。
• His election to the presidency was the apex of his career.当选总统是他一生事业的顶峰。

4 predators   

n.食肉动物( predator的名词复数 )；奴役他人者（尤指在财务或性关系方面）

参考例句：

• birds and their earthbound predators 鸟和地面上捕食它们的动物
• The eyes of predators are highly sensitive to the slightest movement. 捕食性动物的眼睛能感觉到最细小的动静。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 marine   

adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵

参考例句：

• Marine creatures are those which live in the sea. 海洋生物是生存在海里的生物。
• When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时，他自愿参加了海军陆战队。

6 ecological   

adj.生态的，生态学的

参考例句：

• The region has been declared an ecological disaster zone.这个地区已经宣布为生态灾难区。
• Each animal has its ecological niche.每种动物都有自己的生态位.

7 pointed   

adj.尖的，直截了当的

参考例句：

• He gave me a very sharp pointed pencil.他给我一支削得非常尖的铅笔。
• She wished to show Mrs.John Dashwood by this pointed invitation to her brother.她想通过对达茨伍德夫人提出直截了当的邀请向她的哥哥表示出来。

8 relatively   

adv.比较...地，相对地

参考例句：

• The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
• The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。

9 odds   

n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别

参考例句：

• The odds are 5 to 1 that she will win.她获胜的机会是五比一。
• Do you know the odds of winning the lottery once?你知道赢得一次彩票的几率多大吗？