科学美国人60秒 蜜蜂受感染了也会保持距离

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学。我是凯伦·霍普金。

If there's one thing we know about viruses, it's that they love to spread. The novel coronavirus is happy to use us humans as its host. Other viruses fancy honeybees. But like us, bees fight back.

如果说我们对病毒有一点了解的话，那就是它们喜欢传播。这种新型冠状病毒乐于用我们人类作为宿主。其它病毒喜欢蜜蜂。但和我们一样，蜜蜂也会反击。

In the case of one particular virus, called Israeli acute paralysis¹ virus, a study shows that honeybees actually use a form of social distancing to prevent transmitting the infection within their own colony. Of course, not to be outdone, the virus manipulates the bees in a way that spreads the infection to the colony next door. The study is in the Proceedings² of the National Academy of Sciences.

以一种名为以色列急性麻痹病毒的特殊病毒为例，一项研究表明，蜜蜂实际上利用一种社交距离的形式来防止在自己的蜂群内传播感染。当然，病毒也不甘示弱，它会以一种将感染传播到隔壁蜂群的方式来操纵蜜蜂。这项研究发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上。

Honeybees live in large communities that contain tens of thousands of related individuals in close quarters. So researchers got to wondering, How can bees keep infections from spreading like wildfire?

蜜蜂生活在由数万个相关个体组成的大群落中。因此研究人员想知道，蜜蜂如何阻止感染像野火一样蔓延?

While a graduate student at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Tim Gernat developed an automated³ system for tracking the behavior of thousands of individual bees. And he watched what happened when he introduced infected bees into the hive.

蒂姆·格纳特在伊利诺伊大学香槟分校攻读研究生期间开发了一个自动系统，用于追踪数千只蜜蜂个体的行为。他观察了当他将受感染蜜蜂引入蜂巢时发生的事情。

Entomologist Adam Dolezal, who worked with Gernat, describes what they saw.

昆虫学家亚当·多莱扎尔与格尔纳特共事，他描述了他们看到的情况。

"We found in this study that within their own colony context, when they are interacting with their nest mates—usually their sisters—infected bees experience fewer contact behaviors—fewer mouth-to-mouth feeding contacts—than bees who are not infected."

“我们在这项研究中发现，在它们自己的群体环境中，当它们与巢穴同伴(通常是它们的姐妹)互动时，受感染蜜蜂经历的接触行为和口对口喂食接触都要少于未受感染蜜蜂

The researchers also saw the same sort of social avoidance when, instead of infecting the bees with a virus, they artificially activated⁴ the bees' immune system. So the behavior isn't driven by the virus but by the bees' own immune response—which Dolezal says makes sense. If honeybees are going to protect their colony and their queen from disease, sick bees need to keep their feelers to themselves.

研究人员还发现了同样的社交回避，他们没有用病毒感染蜜蜂，而是人为激活蜜蜂的免疫系统。因此，这种行为并非由由病毒引起，而是由蜜蜂自身的免疫反应所引起，多莱扎尔称这是有道理的。如果蜜蜂要保护它们的蜂群和蜂王不受疾病的侵害，生病的蜜蜂就必须将触角藏在自已的身体里。

"They have to. They live in these really large colonies, where everybody's touching⁵ each other all the time; they're all closely related. I joke that honeybees have been doing social distancing for millions of years."

“它们必须这样做。它们生活在非常大的蜂群中，每个人都在互相接触;它们都有着密切的联系。我开玩笑说，蜜蜂数百万年来一直在保持社交距离。”

At the same time, bees are under no pressure to keep infections from spreading to other colonies. And that's where the virus gains the upper hand. Amy Geffre, who worked on the project as a graduate student, found that the guard bees from other colonies were actually less aggressive toward incoming infected bees than they were to uninfected bees. As a result ...

"The infected bees are accepted into the colony at about twice the rate of control bees or immunostimulated bees."

与此同时，蜜蜂没有压力来防止感染扩散到其他蜂群。这就是病毒占上风的地方。作为研究生参与这个项目的艾米·格弗尔发现，其他蜂群的守卫蜂实际上对入侵的受感染蜜蜂的攻击性比对未受感染蜜蜂的攻击性要小。结果……“受感染蜜蜂进入蜂群的几率大约是对照组或免疫刺激蜜蜂的两倍。”

The virus, it seems, alters the chemicals that bees use to communicate who they are and where they're from.

这种病毒似乎改变了蜜蜂产出的、用于交流身份和来自何处的化学物质。

"And so we think that one way that the virus could be gaining entry to these other colonies is by changing the bees' physiology⁶ in a way to make it more acceptable to other colonies' guard bees."

“因此，我们认为病毒进入其他蜂群的一种方式是改变蜜蜂的生理机能，使其更容易被其他蜂群的守卫蜂所接受。”

That's bad news for beekeepers, who tend to keep tens or even hundreds of hives right next to one another.

这对养蜂人来说是个坏消息，他们往往会将数十个甚至数百个蜂箱紧挨着放。

"It's a really ripe situation for bees to be able to move between colonies relatively⁷ easily and bring pathogens and parasites⁸ along with them."

“蜜蜂能够相对容易地在蜂群间移动，并携带病原体和寄生虫，这是一个非常成熟的情况。”

Seems ya gotta carefully mind your beeswax—and keep kept colonies healthily socially distanced.

看来你得少管闲事——让种群保持健康，保持社交距离。

For Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Karen Hopkin.

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是凯伦·霍普金。

1 paralysis   

n.麻痹(症)；瘫痪(症)

参考例句：

• The paralysis affects his right leg and he can only walk with difficulty.他右腿瘫痪步履维艰。
• The paralysis affects his right leg and he can only walk with difficulty.他右腿瘫痪步履维艰。

2 proceedings   

n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报

参考例句：

• He was released on bail pending committal proceedings. 他交保获释正在候审。
• to initiate legal proceedings against sb 对某人提起诉讼

3 automated   

a.自动化的

参考例句：

• The entire manufacturing process has been automated. 整个生产过程已自动化。
• Automated Highway System (AHS) is recently regarded as one subsystem of Intelligent Transport System (ITS). 近年来自动公路系统(Automated Highway System,AHS)，作为智能运输系统的子系统之一越来越受到重视。

4 activated   

adj. 激活的 动词activate的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• The canister is filled with activated charcoal.蒸气回收罐中充满了活性炭。

5 touching   

adj.动人的，使人感伤的

参考例句：

• It was a touching sight.这是一幅动人的景象。
• His letter was touching.他的信很感人。

6 physiology   

n.生理学，生理机能

参考例句：

• He bought a book about physiology.他买了一本生理学方面的书。
• He was awarded the Nobel Prize for achievements in physiology.他因生理学方面的建树而被授予诺贝尔奖。

7 relatively   

adv.比较...地，相对地

参考例句：

• The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
• The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。

8 parasites   

寄生物( parasite的名词复数 )； 靠他人为生的人； 诸虫

参考例句：

• These symptoms may be referable to virus infection rather than parasites. 这些症状也许是由病毒感染引起的，而与寄生虫无关。
• Kangaroos harbor a vast range of parasites. 袋鼠身上有各种各样的寄生虫。