科学美国人60秒 太空尘埃的潜在危险

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Aside from all the satellites, and the space station orbiting the Earth, there's a lot of trash circling the planet, too. Twenty-one thousand baseball-sized chunks¹ of debris², according to NASA. But that number's dwarfed³ by the number of small particles. There's hundreds of millions of those.

除了人造卫星和太空站，环绕地球运行的还有很多垃圾。据美国国家航空航天局称，有21000个棒球大小的碎片在环绕地球运行。但这一数字与微小颗粒的数量相比显得很微不足道。因为微小颗粒有数亿之多。

"And those smaller particles tend to be going fast. Think of picking up a grain of sand at the beach, and that would be on the large side. But they're going 60 kilometers per second."

“那些较小的微粒更倾向于快速运行。可以试想一下在沙滩上捡起一粒沙子，而现实中微粒的数量要比这大得多。而且这些微粒的速度还高达60千米每秒。”

Sigrid Close, an applied⁴ physicist⁵ and astronautical engineer at Stanford University. Close says that whereas mechanical damage—like punctures—is the worry with the bigger chunks, the dust-sized stuff might leave more insidious⁶, invisible marks on satellites—by causing electrical damage.

西格丽德·克洛斯是斯坦福大学的一名应用物理学家和航天工程师。克洛斯表示，像爆胎穿孔这样的机械损伤只是对较大块碎片的担忧，而灰尘大小的物质可能会通过引起电学损伤给卫星留下更隐秘、更无形的痕迹。

"We also think this phenomenon can be attributed to some of the failures and anomalies we see on orbit, that right now are basically tagged as 'unknown cause.'"

“我们认为这一现象还可能是导致卫星轨道上出现一些失败和异常现象的原因，而目前出现这些现象的原因基本上全被标记为‘未知原因’。”

Close and her colleague Alex Fletcher modeled this phenomenon mathematically, based on plasma⁷ physics behavior. And here's what they think happens. First, the dust slams into the spacecraft. Incredibly fast. It vaporizes and ionizes a bit of the ship—and itself. Which generates a cloud of ions and electrons, traveling at different speeds. And then: "It's like a spring action, the electrons are pulled back to the ions, ions are being pushed ahead a little bit. And then the electrons overshoot the ions, so they oscillate, and then they go back out again.”

克洛斯和同事亚历克斯·弗莱彻根据等离子体物理学行为对这一现象进行了数学建模。以下是他们的想法。首先，灰尘极为快速地猛烈撞进飞船，进而蒸发并使自身及一点点船体发生电离化，而后产生一团离子和电子，并以不同的速度移动。然后:“这就像弹簧作用一样，电子被拉回至离子，离子则又被向前推进一点点。再然后，电子超越离子，两者产生振荡，最后它们再次飞出船体。”

That movement of electrons creates a pulse of electromagnetic radiation, which Close says could be the culprit for some of that electrical damage to satellites. The study is in the journal Physics of Plasmas.

电子的这一运动产生了电磁辐射脉冲，克洛斯称，这可能就是对卫星造成某些电学损伤的罪魁祸首。这项研究发表在《等离子体物理期刊》杂志上。

The implications of these small particles on future spaceflight is huge. "One of my dreams is interstellar travel. I love Star Trek⁸. I grew up hoping I could build something to get outside our solar system, and I feel like this is just one of the many things we have to worry about. I think the space environment as a whole is still something we need to tackle." Before it tackles any astronauts a long way from home.

这些微小粒子对未来太空飞行的影响非常大。“我的梦想之一就是星际旅行。我很喜欢《星际迷航》。从小我就希望能造出一些能飞出太阳系的东西，我感觉这只是我们需要担忧的许多事物中的一个。我认为太空环境作为一个整体仍然是需要我们去探索解决的问题。”——在它解决掉任何一个远离家园的宇航员之前。

1 chunks   

厚厚的一块( chunk的名词复数 )； （某物）相当大的数量或部分

参考例句：

• a tin of pineapple chunks 一罐菠萝块
• Those chunks of meat are rather large—could you chop them up a bIt'smaller? 这些肉块相当大，还能再切小一点吗？

2 debris   

n.瓦砾堆，废墟，碎片

参考例句：

• After the bombing there was a lot of debris everywhere.轰炸之后到处瓦砾成堆。
• Bacteria sticks to food debris in the teeth,causing decay.细菌附着在牙缝中的食物残渣上，导致蛀牙。

3 dwarfed   

vt.（使）显得矮小（dwarf的过去式与过去分词形式）

参考例句：

• The old houses were dwarfed by the huge new tower blocks. 这些旧房子在新建的高楼大厦的映衬下显得十分矮小。
• The elephant dwarfed the tortoise. 那只乌龟跟那头象相比就显得很小。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 applied   

adj.应用的；v.应用，适用

参考例句：

• She plans to take a course in applied linguistics.她打算学习应用语言学课程。
• This cream is best applied to the face at night.这种乳霜最好晚上擦脸用。

5 physicist   

n.物理学家，研究物理学的人

参考例句：

• He is a physicist of the first rank.他是一流的物理学家。
• The successful physicist never puts on airs.这位卓有成就的物理学家从不摆架子。

6 insidious   

adj.阴险的，隐匿的，暗中为害的，（疾病）不知不觉之间加剧

参考例句：

• That insidious man bad-mouthed me to almost everyone else.那个阴险的家伙几乎见人便说我的坏话。
• Organized crime has an insidious influence on all who come into contact with it.所有和集团犯罪有关的人都会不知不觉地受坏影响。

7 plasma   

n.血浆，细胞质，乳清

参考例句：

• Keep some blood plasma back for the serious cases.留一些血浆给重病号。
• The plasma is the liquid portion of blood that is free of cells .血浆是血液的液体部分，不包含各种细胞。

8 trek   

vi.作长途艰辛的旅行；n.长途艰苦的旅行

参考例句：

• We often go pony-trek in the summer.夏季我们经常骑马旅行。
• It took us the whole day to trek across the rocky terrain.我们花了一整天的时间艰难地穿过那片遍布岩石的地带。