走遍全世界04:正式语言和非正式语言

You probable¹ have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways depending on the situation they are in. This is very natural. All languages have two general levels of usage² — a fomal level and an informal level. English is no exception³. The diffenrence in these two levels is the situation in which you use a particular level.
你或许注意到人们会用不同的方式表达类似的观点，这取决于他们所处的环境。这种现象很自然。所有语言都有两个普遍的使用层次——正式层面和非正式层面。英语也不例外。两个层次的区别在于你使用语言的语境。

Formal language is the kind of language you find in textbooks, reference⁴ books and in business letters. You would also use formal English in compositions and essays that you write in school. Informal language is used in conversation with colleagues, family members and friends, and when we write personal notes of letters to close friends.
正式语言是在课本、参考书和商业信函中出现的语言。你也会在学校布置的作文的论文中使用正式语言。非正式语言是在与同事、家人和朋友交流时使用的，以及我们在写个人笔记或给好朋友写信时也会用到。

Formal language is different from informal language in several ways. First, formal language tends to be more polite. What we may find interesting is that it usually takes more words to be polite. For example, I might say to a friend or a family member "Close the door, please." But to a stranger, I probably would say, "Would you mind closing the door?"
正式语言和非正式语言在很多方面有所不同。首先，正式语言显得更礼貌。我们发现的有趣现象是通常要想追求礼貌，我们必须多说些话。例如，我或许会对我的朋友和家人说“请关门。”但是，对于一位陌生人，我可能会说“你介意把门关上吗？”

Another difference between formal and informal language is some of the vocabulary. There are bound⁵ to be some words and phrases that belong in formal language and others that are informal. Let's say that I really like soccer. If I am talking to my friend, I might say. "I am just crazy about soccer." But if I were talking to my boss, I would probably say, "I really enjoy soccer."
正式语言和非正式语言的另一处不同在于部分词汇。某些词汇与词组属于正式语言，而有些是非正式的。我们说真的喜欢足球时，如果和我的朋友交流，我或许会说：“我为足球疯狂。”如果对我的老板，或许会说：“我很欣赏足球。”

英语单词词汇整理:

1. usage n. 用法，使用，惯用法

eg: I don't know the usage of this phrase.
我不知道这个短语的惯用法。

短语：
nternational usage 国际惯例
trade usage 贸易惯例
usage rate 使用率
long term usage 长期使用

2. informal adj. 非正式的

eg: We had an informal meeting.
我们做了非正式的会晤。

短语：
informal communication 非正式沟通
informal group 非正式群体；非正式组织
informal education 非正规教育

3. exception n. 除外

eg: He took great exception to what I said.
他极力反对我的话。

短语：
with the exception of 除了…以外
without exception 无例外地，一律
no exception 没有例外；无一例外
make an exception 例外，破例
take exception 反对；有反感
exception to the rule 出轨边缘

4. reference n. 参考，出处，参照

eg: with reference to this project, we have something to say.
关于这个工程，我们有些意见。

短语：
in reference to 关于
without reference to 无论；与…无关
terms of reference 责任范围；审查范围
make reference (to) 参考；涉及

5. composition n. 作文，著作，组织，合成物，成分

eg: You've made several grammatical⁶ mistakes in the composition.
你的作文中犯了几处语法错误。

短语：
musical composition 乐曲
internal⁷ composition 内部合成
composition of a picture 画面结构

6. essay n. 短文，散文

eg: His essay was carried in the June number.
他的散文登载在六月号上。

短语：
essay testn 申论方式测验
model essay 范文

同根词：
essayist n. 散文家；评论家

7. colleague n. 同事

eg: I'm writing to a colleague of mine in America. 
我在给我美国的一个同事写信。

短语：
colleague firm 公司
colleague Level 员工层面

近义词：
brother/ fellow/ associaten.同事，同僚

佳句采摘：
You probable have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways depending on the situation they are in.
你或许注意到人们会用不同的方式表达类似的观点，这取决于他们所处的环境。

1 probable   

adj.可能的，有望发性或实现的

参考例句：

• It is probable to finish the job before dark.天黑之前有可能完成这项工作。
• It is hardly probable that he will succeed.他不会成功。

2 usage   

n.惯用法，使用，用法

参考例句：

• I am clear about the usage of this word at last.这个词的用法我算是弄明白了。
• The usage is now firmly established.这种用法现已得到确认。

3 exception   

n.例外,除外

参考例句：

• Everyone should keep discipline and you are no exception. 每个人都应该遵守纪律,你也毫无例外。
• There's an exception to every rule. 每项规则均有例外。

4 reference   

n.提到，说到，暗示，查看，查阅

参考例句：

• We spent days going through all related reference material.我们花了好多天功夫查阅所有有关的参考资料。
• I like to have my reference books within my reach.我喜欢把参考书放到伸手可取的地方。

5 bound   

adj.一定的，必然的；受约束的，有义务的

参考例句：

• I feel honor bound to repay the money I borrowed.我觉得有责任归还我借的钱。
• If he signs that paper,he will be bound hand and foot.如果他签署那份文件，他就会受到束缚。

6 grammatical   

adj.语法的，符合语法规则的

参考例句：

• His composition is excellent except for some grammatical mistakes.他的作文写得很好，只有几处语法错误。
• He can barely form a grammatical sentence.他几乎造不出合乎语法的句子。

7 internal   

adj.内的，内部的；国内的，内政的

参考例句：

• He is talking to Tom on the internal telephone.他正在内线电话上与汤姆交谈。
• We do not intend to be drawn into the internal strife.我们不想卷入内乱之中。