万物简史 第65期:事物的测定(13)

 To complicate¹ matters, after Picard's death the father-and-son team of Giovanni and Jacques Cassini repeated Picard's experiments over a larger area and came up with results that suggested that the Earth was fatter not at the equator but at the poles—that Newton, in other words, was exactly wrong. It was this that prompted the Academy of Sciences to dispatch Bouguer and La Condamine to South America to take new measurements.

更为复杂的是，皮卡尔死后，乔瓦尼和雅克·卡西尼父子在更大的区域内重复了皮卡尔的实验。他们得出的结果显示，地球鼓起的地方不是在赤道，而是在两极--换句话说，牛顿完全错了。正因为如此，科学院才派遣布格和孔达米纳去南美洲重新测量。

They chose the Andes because they needed to measure near the equator, to determine if there really was a difference in sphericity there, and because they reasoned that mountains would give them good sightlines. In fact, the mountains of Peru were so constantly lost in cloud that the team often had to wait weeks for an hour's clear surveying. On top of that, they had selected one of the most nearly impossible terrains² on Earth.

他们选择了安第斯山脉，因为他们需要测量靠近赤道的地方，以确定那里的圆度是否真有差异，还因为他们认为山区的视野比较开阔。实际上，秘鲁的大山经常云雾笼罩，这个小组常常不得不等上几个星期，才等得上一个小时的晴天来进行测量。不仅如此，他们选了个地球上几乎最难对付的地形。

Peruvians refer to their landscape as muy accidentado—"much accidented"—and this it most certainly is. The French had not only to scale some of the world's most challenging mountains—mountains that defeated even their mules—but to reach the mountains they had to ford³ wild rivers, hack⁴ their way through jungles, and cross miles of high, stony⁵ desert, nearly all of it uncharted and far from any source of supplies. But Bouguer and La Condamine were nothing if not tenacious⁶, and they stuck to the task for nine and a half long, grim, sun-blistered years.

秘鲁人称这种地形是"非常少见"的--这话绝对没错儿。两个法国人不仅不得不翻越几座世界上最具挑战性的大山--连他们的骡子也过不去的大山--而且，若要抵达那些大山，他们不得不涉过几条湍急的河流，钻过密密的丛林，穿越几公里高高的卵石沙漠，这些地方在地图上几乎没有标记，远离供给来源。但是，布格和孔达米纳是坚忍不拔的人。他们不屈不挠，不怕风吹日晒，坚持执行任务，度过了漫长的九年半时间。

Shortly before concluding the project, they received word that a second French team, taking measurements in northern Scandinavia (and facing notable discomforts⁷ of their own, from squelching⁸ bogs⁹ to dangerous ice floes), had found that a degree was in fact longer near the poles, as Newton had promised. The Earth was forty-three kilometers stouter¹⁰ when measured equatorially than when measured from top to bottom around the poles.

在这个项目快要完成的时候，他们突然得到消息，说另一个法国考察队在斯堪的纳维亚半岛北部进行测量（面对自己的艰难困苦，从寸步难行的沼泽地，到危机四伏的浮冰），发现1度经线在两极附近果真要长，正如牛顿断言的那样。地球在赤道地区的测量结果，要比环绕两极从上到下测量的结果厚出43公里。

 

1 complicate   

vt.使复杂化，使混乱，使难懂

参考例句：

• There is no need to complicate matters.没有必要使问题复杂化。
• These events will greatly complicate the situation.这些事件将使局势变得极其复杂。

2 terrains   

n.地形( terrain的名词复数 )；地面；地域；地带

参考例句：

• Scientists call these pieces exotic or suspect terrains. 科学家们把这些小陆块叫外来或嫌疑地块。 来自辞典例句
• In the western of China are intricate terrains and many hilly regions. 我国西部地区地势复杂，多丘陵。 来自互联网

3 Ford   

n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过

参考例句：

• They were guarding the bridge,so we forded the river.他们驻守在那座桥上，所以我们只能涉水过河。
• If you decide to ford a stream,be extremely careful.如果已决定要涉过小溪，必须极度小心。

4 hack   

n.劈，砍，出租马车；v.劈，砍，干咳

参考例句：

• He made a hack at the log.他朝圆木上砍了一下。
• Early settlers had to hack out a clearing in the forest where they could grow crops.早期移民不得不在森林里劈出空地种庄稼。

5 stony   

adj.石头的，多石头的，冷酷的，无情的

参考例句：

• The ground is too dry and stony.这块地太干，而且布满了石头。
• He listened to her story with a stony expression.他带着冷漠的表情听她讲经历。

6 tenacious   

adj.顽强的，固执的，记忆力强的，粘的

参考例句：

• We must learn from the tenacious fighting spirit of Lu Xun.我们要学习鲁迅先生韧性的战斗精神。
• We should be tenacious of our rights.我们应坚决维护我们的权利。

7 discomforts   

n.不舒适( discomfort的名词复数 )；不愉快，苦恼

参考例句：

• Travellers in space have to endure many discomforts in their rockets. 宇宙旅行家不得不在火箭中忍受许多不舒适的东西 来自《用法词典》
• On that particular morning even these discomforts added to my pleasure. 在那样一个特定的早晨，即使是这种种的不舒适也仿佛给我增添了满足感。 来自辞典例句

8 squelching   

v.发吧唧声，发扑哧声( squelch的现在分词 )；制止；压制；遏制

参考例句：

• I could hear his broken shoes squelching in the water. 我可以听到他的破鞋在水中格喳格喳作响。 来自辞典例句
• The armies got bogged down in the thick squelching mud. 军队都陷入泥沼中，行进时烂泥扑哧作声。 来自互联网

9 bogs   

n.沼泽，泥塘( bog的名词复数 )；厕所v.（使）陷入泥沼， （使）陷入困境( bog的第三人称单数 )；妨碍，阻碍

参考例句：

• Whenever It'shows its true nature, real life bogs to a standstill. 无论何时，只要它显示出它的本来面目，真正的生活就陷入停滞。 来自名作英译部分
• At Jitra we went wading through bogs. 在日得拉我们步行着从泥水塘里穿过去。 来自辞典例句

10 stouter   

粗壮的( stout的比较级 )； 结实的； 坚固的； 坚定的

参考例句：

• Freddie was much stouter, more benevolent-looking, cheerful, and far more dandified. 弗烈特显得更魁伟，更善良、更快活，尤其更像花花公子。 来自教父部分
• Why hadn't she thought of putting on stouter shoes last night? 她昨天晚上怎么没想起换上一双硬些的鞋呢？