万物简史 第76期:事物的测定(24)

 In the course of a long life Cavendish made a string of signal discoveries—among much else he was the first person to isolate¹ hydrogen and the first to combine hydrogen and oxygen to form water—but almost nothing he did was entirely² divorced from strangeness. To the continuing exasperation³ of his fellow scientists, he often alluded⁴ in published work to the results of contingent⁵ experiments that he had not told anyone about. In his secretiveness he didn't merely resemble Newton, but actively⁶ exceeded him. His experiments with electrical conductivity were a century ahead of their time, but unfortunately remained undiscovered until that century had passed. Indeed the greater part of what he did wasn't known until the late nineteenth century when the Cambridge physicist⁷ James Clerk Maxwell took on the task of editing Cavendish's papers, by which time credit had nearly always been given to others.

在卡文迪许漫长的一生中，他取得了一系列重大发现--其中，他是分离氢的第一人，把氢和氧化合成水的第一人--但是，他所做的一切都脱离不了"古怪"两个字。他经常在出版的作品中提到从没有告诉过任何人的实验结果，这使他的科学家同行们老是很气恼。但是，尽管遮遮掩掩，他不光模仿牛顿，而且想要努力超过他。他对导电性能的实验超前了时代一个世纪，但不幸的是，直到那个世纪过去才被人发现。实际上，他的大部分成就直到19世纪末才为人所知。那个时候，剑桥大学物理学家詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦承担了编辑卡文迪许文献的任务。在此之前，发现虽然是他的，但功劳几乎总是别人的。

Among much else, and without telling anyone, Cavendish discovered or anticipated the law of the conservation of energy, Ohm's law, Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, Richter's Law of Reciprocal Proportions, Charles's Law of Gases, and the principles of electrical conductivity. That's just some of it. According to the science historian J. G. Crowther, he also foreshadowed "the work of Kelvin and G. H. Darwin on the effect of tidal friction⁸ on slowing the rotation⁹ of the earth, and Larmor's discovery, published in 1915, on the effect of local atmospheric¹⁰ cooling . . . the work of Pickering on freezing mixtures, and some of the work of Rooseboom on heterogeneous¹¹ equilibria¹²."卡文迪许发现或预见到了能量守恒定律、欧姆定律、道尔顿的分压定律、里克特的反比定律、查理的气体定律以及电传导定律，但都没有告诉别人。这只是其中的一部分。据科学史家J.G.克劳瑟说，他还预见了“开尔文和G.H.达尔文关于潮汐摩擦对减慢地球自转速度的作用的成果、拉摩尔关于局部大气变冷的作用的发现（发表于1915年）......皮克林关于冷冻混合物的成就以及罗斯布姆关于异质平衡的某些成果”。

Finally, he left clues that led directly to the discovery of the group of elements known as the noble gases, some of which are so elusive¹³ that the last of them wasn't found until 1962. But our interest here is in Cavendish's last known experiment when in the late summer of 1797, at the age of sixty-seven, he turned his attention to the crates¹⁴ of equipment that had been left to him—evidently out of simple scientific respect—by John Michell.

最后，他还留下线索，直接导致一组名叫惰性气体的元素的发现。其中有几种是极难获得的，最后一种直到1962年才被发现。不过，我们现在的兴趣是卡文迪许所做的最后一次著名的试验。1797年夏末，67岁高龄的他把注意力转向约翰·米歇尔显然只是出于科学上的敬意留给他的几箱子设备。

 

1 isolate   

vt.使孤立，隔离

参考例句：

• Do not isolate yourself from others.不要把自己孤立起来。
• We should never isolate ourselves from the masses.我们永远不能脱离群众。

2 entirely   

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
• His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。

3 exasperation   

n.愤慨

参考例句：

• He snorted with exasperation.他愤怒地哼了一声。
• She rolled her eyes in sheer exasperation.她气急败坏地转动着眼珠。

4 alluded   

提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• In your remarks you alluded to a certain sinister design. 在你的谈话中，你提到了某个阴谋。
• She also alluded to her rival's past marital troubles. 她还影射了对手过去的婚姻问题。

5 contingent   

adj.视条件而定的；n.一组，代表团，分遣队

参考例句：

• The contingent marched in the direction of the Western Hills.队伍朝西山的方向前进。
• Whether or not we arrive on time is contingent on the weather.我们是否按时到达要视天气情况而定。

6 actively   

adv.积极地，勤奋地

参考例句：

• During this period all the students were actively participating.在这节课中所有的学生都积极参加。
• We are actively intervening to settle a quarrel.我们正在积极调解争执。

7 physicist   

n.物理学家，研究物理学的人

参考例句：

• He is a physicist of the first rank.他是一流的物理学家。
• The successful physicist never puts on airs.这位卓有成就的物理学家从不摆架子。

8 friction   

n.摩擦，摩擦力

参考例句：

• When Joan returned to work,the friction between them increased.琼回来工作后，他们之间的摩擦加剧了。
• Friction acts on moving bodies and brings them to a stop.摩擦力作用于运动着的物体，并使其停止。

9 rotation   

n.旋转；循环，轮流

参考例句：

• Crop rotation helps prevent soil erosion.农作物轮作有助于防止水土流失。
• The workers in this workshop do day and night shifts in weekly rotation.这个车间的工人上白班和上夜班每周轮换一次。

10 atmospheric   

adj.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的

参考例句：

• Sea surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation are strongly coupled.海洋表面温度与大气环流是密切相关的。
• Clouds return radiant energy to the surface primarily via the atmospheric window.云主要通过大气窗区向地表辐射能量。

11 heterogeneous   

adj.庞杂的；异类的

参考例句：

• There is a heterogeneous mass of papers in the teacher's office.老师的办公室里堆满了大批不同的论文。
• America has a very heterogeneous population.美国人口是由不同种族组成的。

12 equilibria   

n.均衡，均势(equilibrium的复数)；平衡，均势( equilibrium的名词复数 )；（心情、感情等）平静

参考例句：

• Most condensation reactions are equilibria. 大多数的缩合反应是平衡反应。 来自辞典例句
• Through use of transparent overlays solutions to acid and base equilibria can be obtained rapidly. 使曲线明显重迭，可迅速得到酸和碱平衡的分解。 来自辞典例句

13 elusive   

adj.难以表达(捉摸)的；令人困惑的；逃避的

参考例句：

• Try to catch the elusive charm of the original in translation.翻译时设法把握住原文中难以捉摸的风韵。
• Interpol have searched all the corners of the earth for the elusive hijackers.国际刑警组织已在世界各地搜查在逃的飞机劫持者。

14 crates   

n. 板条箱, 篓子, 旧汽车 vt. 装进纸条箱

参考例句：

• We were using crates as seats. 我们用大木箱作为座位。
• Thousands of crates compacted in a warehouse. 数以千计的板条箱堆放在仓库里。