万物简史 第146期:基本物质(18)

 　　Mendeleyev used a slightly different approach, placing his elements into groups of seven, but employed fundamentally the same principle. Suddenly the idea seemed brilliant and wondrously¹ perceptive². Because the properties repeated themselves periodically, the invention became known as the periodic table.

　　门捷列夫采用了一种稍稍不同的方法，把每七个元素分成一组，但使用了完全相同的前提。突然之间，这方法似乎很出色，视角很清晰。由于那些特点周期性地重复出现，所以这项发明就被叫做"周期表"。

　　记元素周期表的困扰

　　Mendeleyev was said to have been inspired by the card game known as solitaire in North America and patience elsewhere, wherein cards are arranged by suit horizontally and by number vertically⁴. Using a broadly similarconcept, he arranged the elements in horizontal rows called periods and vertical³ columns called groups. Thisinstantly showed one set of relationships when read up and down and another when read from side to side. Specifically, the vertical columns put together chemicals that have similar properties. Thus copper⁵ sits on topof silver and silver sits on top of gold because of their chemical affinities⁶ as metals, while helium, neon,and argon are in a column made up of gases. (The actual, formal determinant in the ordering is something called their electron valences, for which you will have to enroll⁷ in night classes if you wish an understanding.) The horizontal rows, meanwhile, arrange the chemicals in ascending⁸ order by the number of protons in their nuclei—what is known as their atomic number.

　　据说，门捷列夫是从北美洲的单人牌戏获得了灵感，从别处获得了耐心。在那种牌戏里，纸牌按花色排成横列，按点数排成纵行。他利用一种十分相似的概念，把横列叫做周期，纵行叫做族。上下看，马上可以看出一组关系；左右看，看出另一组关系。具体来说，纵列把性质类似的元素放在一起。因此，铜的位置在银的上面，银的位置在金的上面，因为它们都具有金属的化学亲和性；而氦、氖和氩处于同一纵行，因为它们都是气体。（决定排列顺序的，实际上是它们的电子价。若要搞懂电子价，你非得去报名上夜校。）与此同时，元素按照它们核里的质子数--叫做原子序数--从少到多地排成横列。

1 wondrously   

adv.惊奇地，非常，极其

参考例句：

• She grow wondrously fond of stealing off to corners by herself. 她变得出奇地喜欢独自躲在角落里。 来自辞典例句
• If you but smile, spring zephyrs blow through my spirits, wondrously. 假使你只是仅仅对我微笑，春天的和风就会惊奇的吹过我的心灵间。 来自互联网

2 perceptive   

adj.知觉的，有洞察力的，感知的

参考例句：

• This is a very perceptive assessment of the situation.这是一个对该情况的极富洞察力的评价。
• He is very perceptive and nothing can be hidden from him.他耳聪目明，什么事都很难瞒住他。

3 vertical   

adj.垂直的，顶点的，纵向的；n.垂直物，垂直的位置

参考例句：

• The northern side of the mountain is almost vertical.这座山的北坡几乎是垂直的。
• Vertical air motions are not measured by this system.垂直气流的运动不用这种系统来测量。

4 vertically   

adv.垂直地

参考例句：

• Line the pages for the graph both horizontally and vertically.在这几页上同时画上横线和竖线，以便制作图表。
• The human brain is divided vertically down the middle into two hemispheres.人脑从中央垂直地分为两半球。

5 copper   

n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的

参考例句：

• The students are asked to prove the purity of copper.要求学生们检验铜的纯度。
• Copper is a good medium for the conduction of heat and electricity.铜是热和电的良导体。

6 affinities   

n.密切关系( affinity的名词复数 )；亲近；（生性）喜爱；类同

参考例句：

• Cubism had affinities with the new European interest in Jazz. 主体派和欧洲新近的爵士音乐热有密切关系。 来自辞典例句
• The different isozymes bind calcium ions with different affinities. 不同的同功酶以不同的亲和力与钙离子相结合。 来自辞典例句

7 enroll   

v.招收；登记；入学；参军；成为会员（英)enrol

参考例句：

• I should like to enroll all my children in the swimming class.我愿意让我的孩子们都参加游泳班。
• They enroll him as a member of the club.他们吸收他为俱乐部会员。

8 ascending   

adj.上升的，向上的

参考例句：

• Now draw or trace ten dinosaurs in ascending order of size.现在按照体型由小到大的顺序画出或是临摹出10只恐龙。