万物简史 第200期:威力巨大的原子(14)

　　The picture that nearly everybody has in mind of an atom is of an electron or two flying around a nucleus¹, like planets orbiting a sun. This image was created in 1904, based on little more than clever guesswork, by a Japanese physicist² named Hantaro Nagaoka. It is completely wrong, but durable³ just the same. As Isaac Asimov liked to note, it inspired generations of science fiction writers to create stories of worlds within worlds, in which atoms become tiny inhabited solar systems or our solar system turns out to be merely a mote⁴ in some much larger scheme. Even now CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, uses Nagaoka's image as a logo on its website. In fact, as physicists⁵ were soon to realize, electrons are not like orbiting planets at all, but more like the blades of a spinning fan, managing to fill every bit of space in their orbits simultaneously⁶ (but with the crucial difference that the blades of a fan only seem to be everywhere at once; electrons are ).

　　差不多人人的脑海里都有一幅原子图，即一两个电子绕着原子核飞速转动，就像行星绕着太阳转动一样。这个形象是1904年由一位名叫长冈半太郎的日本物理学家创建的，完全是一种聪明的凭空想像。它是完全错的，但照样很有生命力。正如艾萨克·阿西莫夫喜欢指出的，它给了一代又一代的科幻作家灵感，创作了世界中的世界的故事，原子成了有人居住的太阳系，我们的太阳系成了一个大得多的体系里的一颗微粒。连欧洲核子研究中心也把长冈所提出的图像作为它网站的标记。物理学家很快就意识到，实际上，电子根本不像在轨道上运行的行星，更像是电扇旋转着的叶片，想要同时填满轨道上的每一空间。（但有个重要的不同之处，那就是，电扇叶片只是好像同时在每个地方，电子真的就同时在每个地方。）

　　原子

　　Needless to say, very little of this was understood in 1910 or for many years afterward⁷. Rutherford's finding presented some large and immediate⁸ problems, not least that no electron should be able to orbit a nucleus without crashing. Conventional electrodynamic theory demanded that a flying electron should very quickly run out of energy—in only an instant or so—and spiral into the nucleus, with disastrous⁹ consequences for both. There was also the problem of how protons with their positive charges could bundle together inside the nucleus without blowing themselves and the rest of the atom apart. Clearly whatever was going on down there in the world of the very small was not governed by the laws that applied¹⁰ in the macro world where our expectations reside.

　　不用说，在1910年，或在此后的许多年里，知道这类知识的人为数甚少。卢瑟福的发现马上产生了几个大问题。尤其是，围绕原子核转动的电子可能会坠毁。传统的电动力学理论认为，飞速转动的电子很快会把能量消耗殆尽——只是一刹那间——然后盘旋着飞进原子核，给二者都带来灾难性的后果。还有一个问题，带正电荷的质子怎么能一起待在原子核里面，而又不把自己及原子的其他部分炸得粉碎。显而易见，那个小天地里在发生的事，是不受适用于我们宏观世界的规律支配的。

1 nucleus   

n.核，核心，原子核

参考例句：

• These young people formed the nucleus of the club.这些年轻人成了俱乐部的核心。
• These councils would form the nucleus of a future regime.这些委员会将成为一个未来政权的核心。

2 physicist   

n.物理学家，研究物理学的人

参考例句：

• He is a physicist of the first rank.他是一流的物理学家。
• The successful physicist never puts on airs.这位卓有成就的物理学家从不摆架子。

3 durable   

adj.持久的，耐久的

参考例句：

• This raincoat is made of very durable material.这件雨衣是用非常耐用的料子做的。
• They frequently require more major durable purchases.他们经常需要购买耐用消费品。

4 mote   

n.微粒；斑点

参考例句：

• Seeing the mote in one's neighbor's eye,but not the beam in one's own.能看见别人眼里的尘埃，看不见自己眼里的木头。
• The small mote on her forehead distinguishes her from her twin sister.她额头上的这个小斑点是她与其双胞胎妹妹的区别。

5 physicists   

物理学家( physicist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• For many particle physicists, however, it was a year of frustration. 对于许多粒子物理学家来说，这是受挫折的一年。 来自英汉非文学 - 科技
• Physicists seek rules or patterns to provide a framework. 物理学家寻求用法则或图式来构成一个框架。

6 simultaneously   

adv.同时发生地，同时进行地

参考例句：

• The radar beam can track a number of targets almost simultaneously.雷达波几乎可以同时追着多个目标。
• The Windows allow a computer user to execute multiple programs simultaneously.Windows允许计算机用户同时运行多个程序。

7 afterward   

adv.后来；以后

参考例句：

• Let's go to the theatre first and eat afterward. 让我们先去看戏，然后吃饭。
• Afterward,the boy became a very famous artist.后来，这男孩成为一个很有名的艺术家。

8 immediate   

adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的

参考例句：

• His immediate neighbours felt it their duty to call.他的近邻认为他们有责任去拜访。
• We declared ourselves for the immediate convocation of the meeting.我们主张立即召开这个会议。

9 disastrous   

adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的

参考例句：

• The heavy rainstorm caused a disastrous flood.暴雨成灾。
• Her investment had disastrous consequences.She lost everything she owned.她的投资结果很惨，血本无归。

10 applied   

adj.应用的；v.应用，适用

参考例句：

• She plans to take a course in applied linguistics.她打算学习应用语言学课程。
• This cream is best applied to the face at night.这种乳霜最好晚上擦脸用。