万物简史 第231期:马斯特-马克的夸克(3)

 　　Particles can come into being and be gone again in as little as 0.000000000000000000000001 second (10-24). Even the most sluggish¹ of unstable² particles hang around for no more than 0.0000001 second (10-7).

　　粒子可以在短达0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001秒(10的负24次方秒)时间里出现和消失。连最缺乏活力的不稳定的粒子，存在的时间也不超过0.000 000 1秒(10的负7次方秒)。

　　Some particles are almost ludicrously slippery. Every second the Earth is visited by 10,000 trillion trillion tiny, all but massless neutrinos (mostly shot out by the nuclear broilings of the Sun), and virtually all of them pass right through the planet and everything that is on it, including you and me, as if it weren't there. To trap just a few of them, scientists need tanks holding up to 12.5 million gallons of heavy water (that is, water with a relative abundance of deuterium in it) in underground chambers³ (old mines usually) where they can't be interfered⁴ with by other types of radiation.

　　有的粒子几乎捕捉不到。每一秒钟，就有1万亿亿亿个微小的、几乎没有质量的中微子抵达地球（大多数是太阳的热核反应辐射出的），实际上径直穿过这颗行星以及上面的一切东西，包括你和我，就仿佛地球并不存在。为了捕捉几个粒子，科学家们需要在地下室（通常是废矿井里），用容器盛放多达57000立方米重水（即含氘相对丰富的水），因为这种地方受不到其他类型辐射的干扰。

　　奇异夸克

　　Very occasionally, a passing neutrino will bang into one of the atomic nuclei⁵ in the water and produce a little puff⁶ of energy. Scientists count the puffs⁷ and by such means take us very slightly closer to understanding the fundamental properties of the universe. In 1998, Japanese observers reported that neutrinos do have mass, but not a great deal—about one ten-millionth that of an electron.

　　在非常偶然的情况下，一个经过的中微子会砰地撞击水里的一个原子核，产生一丁点儿能量。科学家们通过统计有几个一丁点儿而逐步了解宇宙的基本性质。1998年，日本观察人员报告说，中微子确有质量，但是不大──大约是电子的一千万分之一。

　　What it really takes to find particles these days is money and lots of it. There is a curious inverse⁸ relationship in modern physics between the tininess of the thing being sought and the scale of facilities required to do the searching.

　　如今，寻找粒子真正要花的是钱，而且是大量的钱。在现代物理学中，寻找的东西的大小，与所需设备的大小，往往有意思地成反比关系。

1 sluggish   

adj.懒惰的，迟钝的，无精打采的

参考例句：

• This humid heat makes you feel rather sluggish.这种湿热的天气使人感到懒洋洋的。
• Circulation is much more sluggish in the feet than in the hands.脚部的循环比手部的循环缓慢得多。

2 unstable   

adj.不稳定的，易变的

参考例句：

• This bookcase is too unstable to hold so many books.这书橱很不结实，装不了这么多书。
• The patient's condition was unstable.那患者的病情不稳定。

3 chambers   

n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅

参考例句：

• The body will be removed into one of the cold storage chambers. 尸体将被移到一个冷冻间里。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Mr Chambers's readable book concentrates on the middle passage: the time Ransome spent in Russia. Chambers先生的这本值得一看的书重点在中间：Ransome在俄国的那几年。 来自互联网

4 interfered   

v.干预( interfere的过去式和过去分词 )；调停；妨碍；干涉

参考例句：

• Complete absorption in sports interfered with his studies. 专注于运动妨碍了他的学业。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• I am not going to be interfered with. 我不想别人干扰我的事情。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 nuclei   

n.核

参考例句：

• To free electrons, something has to make them whirl fast enough to break away from their nuclei. 为了释放电子，必须使电子高速旋转而足以摆脱原子核的束缚。
• Energy is released by the fission of atomic nuclei. 能量是由原子核分裂释放出来的。

6 puff   

n.一口(气)；一阵(风)；v.喷气，喘气

参考例句：

• He took a puff at his cigarette.他吸了一口香烟。
• They tried their best to puff the book they published.他们尽力吹捧他们出版的书。

7 puffs   

n.吸( puff的名词复数 )；（烟斗或香烟的）一吸；一缕（烟、蒸汽等）；（呼吸或风的）呼v.使喷出( puff的第三人称单数 )；喷着汽（或烟）移动；吹嘘；吹捧

参考例句：

• We sat exchanging puffs from that wild pipe of his. 我们坐在那里，轮番抽着他那支野里野气的烟斗。 来自辞典例句
• Puffs of steam and smoke came from the engine. 一股股蒸汽和烟雾从那火车头里冒出来。 来自辞典例句

8 inverse   

adj.相反的，倒转的，反转的；n.相反之物；v.倒转

参考例句：

• Evil is the inverse of good.恶是善的反面。
• When the direct approach failed he tried the inverse.当直接方法失败时，他尝试相反的做法。