万物简史 第598期:生命的物质(24)

The story was the same wherever researchers looked. They found that they could insert human DNA¹ into certain cells of flies, and the flies would accept it as if it were their own.

同样的事情无处不在。研究人员将人类DNA植入果蝇某些细胞中，果蝇最终接纳了它，好像它是自己的基因似的。

Over 60 percent of human genes², it turns out, are fundamentally the same as those found in fruit flies. At least 90 percent correlate at some level to those found in mice. (We even have the same genes for making a tail, if only they would switch on.) In field after field, researchers found that whatever organism they were working on — whether nematode worms or human beings — they were often studying essentially³ the same genes. Life, it appeared, was drawn⁴ up from a single set of blueprints⁵.

事实证明，60%以上的人类基因本质上与果蝇是一样的。至少90%以上的人类基因在某程度上与老鼠基因相互关联。（我们甚至拥有可以长出尾巴的同样基因，要是它们活跃起来的话。）研究人员在一个又一个的领域中发现，他们不管用什么生物做实验——无论是线虫还是人类——他们所研究的基因基本上是一样的。生命似乎就出于同一张蓝图。

Further probings revealed the existence of a clutch of master control genes, each directing the development of a section of the body, which were dubbed⁶ homeotic (from a Greek word meaning "similar") or hox genes. Hox genes answered the long-bewildering question of how billions of embryonic⁷ cells, all arising from a single fertilized⁸ egg and carrying identical DNA, know where to go and what to do — that this one should become a liver cell, this one a stretchy neuron, this one a bubble of blood, this one part of the shimmer⁹ on a beating wing. It is the hox genes that instruct them, and they do it for all organisms in much the same way.

科学研究迸一步揭示了一组掌控基因的存在，每一种控制着人体某一部分的发育。这种基因被称为变异同源基因（希腊语“相似”的意思），或同源基因。同源基因回答了长期以来困扰人们的问题：数以十亿计的胚胎细胞都来源于一个受精卵，并且携带完全相同的DNA，它们怎么知道去往哪个方向，该做些什么——其中某一个变成了肝脏细胞，另一个变成了伸缩性神经元，又有一个变成了血泡，还有一个变成了拍动的羽翼上的光点。原来是同源基因对它们发出了指令。它们对于所有的生物都以同样的方式发出指令。

Interestingly, the amount of genetic¹⁰ material and how it is organized doesn't necessarily, or even generally, reflect the level of sophistication of the creature that contains it.

有趣的是，基因的数量及其组合方式并不一定反映携带它的生物的复杂程度，甚至总的来说不反映。

1 DNA   

(缩)deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸

参考例句：

• DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.脱氧核糖核酸储存于细胞的细胞核里。
• Gene mutations are alterations in the DNA code.基因突变是指DNA密码的改变。

2 genes   

n.基因( gene的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因，所以能够活得很长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 生物技术的世纪

3 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

4 drawn   

v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的

参考例句：

• All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
• Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。

5 blueprints   

n.蓝图，设计图( blueprint的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Have the blueprints been worked out? 蓝图搞好了吗？ 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• BluePrints description of a distributed component of the system design and best practice guidelines. BluePrints描述了一个分布式组件体系的最佳练习和设计指导方针。 来自互联网

6 dubbed   

v.给…起绰号( dub的过去式和过去分词 )；把…称为；配音；复制

参考例句：

• Mathematics was once dubbed the handmaiden of the sciences. 数学曾一度被视为各门科学的基础。
• Is the movie dubbed or does it have subtitles? 这部电影是配音的还是打字幕的？ 来自《简明英汉词典》

7 embryonic   

adj.胚胎的

参考例句：

• It is still in an embryonic stage.它还处于萌芽阶段。
• The plan,as yet,only exists in embryonic form.这个计划迄今为止还只是在酝酿之中。

8 Fertilized   

v.施肥( fertilize的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The study of psychology has recently been widely cross-fertilized by new discoveries in genetics. 心理学研究最近从遗传学的新发现中受益匪浅。
• Flowers are often fertilized by bees as they gather nectar. 花常在蜜蜂采蜜时受粉。

9 shimmer   

v./n.发微光，发闪光；微光

参考例句：

• The room was dark,but there was a shimmer of moonlight at the window.屋子里很黑，但靠近窗户的地方有点微光。
• Nor is there anything more virginal than the shimmer of young foliage.没有什么比新叶的微光更纯洁无瑕了。

10 genetic   

adj.遗传的，遗传学的

参考例句：

• It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
• Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。