万物简史 第627期:神秘的两足动物(5)

Meanwhile, and half a world away, in late 1924 Raymond Dart¹, the Australian-born head of anatomy² at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, was sent a small but remarkably³ complete skull⁴ of a child, with an intact face, a lower jaw⁵, and what is known as an endocast—a natural cast of the brain—from a limestone⁶ quarry⁷ on the edge of the Kalahari Desert at a dusty spot called Taung. Dart could see at once that the Taung skull was not of a Homo erectus like Dubois's Java Man, but from an earlier, more apelike creature. He placed its age at two million years and dubbed⁸ it Australopithecus africanus, or "southern ape man of Africa." In a report to Nature, Dart called the Taung remains⁹ "amazingly human" and suggested the need for an entirely¹⁰ new family, Homo simiadae ("the man-apes"), to accommodate the find.

与此同时，在地球的另一端，南非约翰内斯堡的威特沃特斯兰德大学的澳大利亚裔解剖学负责人雷蒙德·达特于1924年收到了一个非常完整的小孩头骨，带有完好的面部、下颌以及所谓的颅腔——一个天然的大脑模型——它是在卡拉哈里沙漠边缘一个名叫塔翁的地方的石灰岩采石场发现的。达特马上发现，这并非是杜布瓦发现的爪哇人那样的直立人，而是与猿更为接近的远古猿人。他推断它的生存时间距今有200万年左右，井将其明明为南方古猿非洲种，或者说“非洲南方猿人”。在发表于《自然》杂志的报告中，达特称塔翁化石与人类“有惊人的相似之处”，并且建议需要为他的发现建立一个崭新的科：人属猿科（“人猿科”）。

The authorities were even less favorably disposed to Dart than they had been to Dubois. Nearly everything about his theory—indeed, nearly everything about Dart, it appears— annoyed them. First he had proved himself lamentably¹¹ presumptuous¹² by conducting the analysis himself rather than calling on the help of more worldly experts in Europe. Even his chosen name, Australopithecus, showed a lack of scholarly application, combining as it did Greek and Latin roots. Above all, his conclusions flew in the face of accepted wisdom. Humans and apes, it was agreed, had split apart at least fifteen million years ago in Asia. If humans had arisen in Africa, why, that would make us Negroid, for goodness sake. It was rather as if someone working today were to announce that he had found the ancestral bones of humans in, say, Missouri. It just didn't fit with what was known.

达持在权威那里所受到的冷遇比杜布瓦有过之而无不及，几乎有关达特的理论的一切——实际上，好像几乎有关达特本人的一切——都令他们很不高兴。首先，他自己搞分析，没有要求比较世故的专家提供帮助，证明他是目中无人。连他为化石取的名字，南方古猿——将希腊语和拉丁语词根组合在一起，也显示出他的学术能力的欠缺。最为要命的是，他的观点与约定俗成的理论大相径庭。大家一致认为，人和猿至少在1500万年前在亚洲分道扬镳。如果人类是从非洲出现的，看在老天爷的面子上，我们岂不成了尼格罗人种（黑人种）？！这就好比今天某个上班族声称，他在比方说美国密苏里州，发现了人类祖先的化石一样。这明显与已有的知识搭不上边。

Dart's sole supporter of note was Robert Broom, a Scottish-born physician and paleontologist of considerable intellect and cherishably eccentric nature. It was Broom's habit, for instance, to do his fieldwork naked when the weather was warm, which was often. He was also known for conducting dubious¹³ anatomical experiments on his poorer and more tractable¹⁴ patients. When the patients died, which was also often, he would sometimes bury their bodies in his back garden to dig up for study later.

达特惟一有名望的支持者是出生于苏格兰的罗伯特·布罗姆，一个非常聪明，可是性情有些古怪的物理学家和古生物学家。比如，布罗姆有个习惯，天气暖和在野外考察的时侯身上一丝不挂，而天气是经常很暖和的。而且据知，他曾在一些贫穷而又温顺的病人身上做可疑的解剖实验。那些病人死后——这种情况也时有发生，他会把他们的尸体埋在自己的后花园里，日后再挖出来研究。

1 dart   

v.猛冲，投掷；n.飞镖，猛冲

参考例句：

• The child made a sudden dart across the road.那小孩突然冲过马路。
• Markov died after being struck by a poison dart.马尔科夫身中毒镖而亡。

2 anatomy   

n.解剖学，解剖；功能，结构，组织

参考例句：

• He found out a great deal about the anatomy of animals.在动物解剖学方面，他有过许多发现。
• The hurricane's anatomy was powerful and complex.对飓风的剖析是一项庞大而复杂的工作。

3 remarkably   

ad.不同寻常地，相当地

参考例句：

• I thought she was remarkably restrained in the circumstances. 我认为她在那种情况下非常克制。
• He made a remarkably swift recovery. 他康复得相当快。

4 skull   

n.头骨；颅骨

参考例句：

• The skull bones fuse between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five.头骨在15至25岁之间长合。
• He fell out of the window and cracked his skull.他从窗子摔了出去，跌裂了颅骨。

5 jaw   

n.颚，颌，说教，流言蜚语；v.喋喋不休，教训

参考例句：

• He delivered a right hook to his opponent's jaw.他给了对方下巴一记右钩拳。
• A strong square jaw is a sign of firm character.强健的方下巴是刚毅性格的标志。

6 limestone   

n.石灰石

参考例句：

• Limestone is often used in building construction.石灰岩常用于建筑。
• Cement is made from limestone.水泥是由石灰石制成的。

7 quarry   

n.采石场；v.采石；费力地找

参考例句：

• Michelangelo obtained his marble from a quarry.米开朗基罗从采石场获得他的大理石。
• This mountain was the site for a quarry.这座山曾经有一个采石场。

8 dubbed   

v.给…起绰号( dub的过去式和过去分词 )；把…称为；配音；复制

参考例句：

• Mathematics was once dubbed the handmaiden of the sciences. 数学曾一度被视为各门科学的基础。
• Is the movie dubbed or does it have subtitles? 这部电影是配音的还是打字幕的？ 来自《简明英汉词典》

9 remains   

n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹

参考例句：

• He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
• The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。

10 entirely   

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
• His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。

11 lamentably   

adv.哀伤地，拙劣地

参考例句：

• Aviation was lamentably weak and primitive. 航空设施极其薄弱简陋。 来自辞典例句
• Poor Tom lamentably disgraced himself at Sir Charles Mirable's table, by premature inebriation. 可怜的汤姆在查尔斯·米拉贝尔爵士的宴会上，终于入席不久就酩酊大醉，弄得出丑露乖，丢尽了脸皮。 来自辞典例句

12 presumptuous   

adj.胆大妄为的，放肆的，冒昧的，冒失的

参考例句：

• It would be presumptuous for anybody to offer such a view.任何人提出这种观点都是太放肆了。
• It was presumptuous of him to take charge.他自拿主张，太放肆了。

13 dubious   

adj.怀疑的，无把握的；有问题的，靠不住的

参考例句：

• What he said yesterday was dubious.他昨天说的话很含糊。
• He uses some dubious shifts to get money.他用一些可疑的手段去赚钱。

14 tractable   

adj.易驾驭的；温顺的

参考例句：

• He was always tractable and quiet.他总是温顺、恬静。
• Gold and silver are tractable metals.金和银是容易加工的金属。