万物简史 第644期:神秘的两足动物(25)

It was also discovered that Homo erectus skulls¹ contained (or, in the view of some, possibly contained) a Broca's area, a region of the frontal lobe² of the brain associated with speech. Chimps³ don't have such a feature. Alan Walker thinks the spinal⁴ canal didn't have the size and complexity⁵ to enable speech, that they probably would have communicated about as well as modern chimps. Others, notably⁶ Richard Leakey, are convinced they could speak.

研究还发现，直立人的头骨中还包含（或者说根据有的人的看法，可能包含）白洛嘉脑回，大脑左前区一个与言语有关的区域。黑猩猩没有这样的特征。艾伦·沃克认为，无论从大小还是复杂程度来看，直立人的脑回都不足以使他们学会说话，因此他们也许能和现代黑猩猩一样进行一些交流。以理查德·利基为代表的其他一些人却确信他们能够说话。

For a time, it appears, Homo erectus was the only hominid species on Earth. It was hugely adventurous⁷ and spread across the globe with what seems to have been breathtaking rapidity. The fossil evidence, if taken literally⁸, suggests that some members of the species reached Java at about the same time as, or even slightly before, they left Africa. This has led some hopeful scientists to suggest that perhaps modern people arose not in Africa at all, but in Asia—which would be remarkable⁹, not to say miraculous¹⁰, as no possible precursor¹¹ species have ever been found anywhere outside Africa. The Asian hominids would have had to appear, as it were, spontaneously. And anyway an Asian beginning would merely reverse the problem of their spread; you would still have to explain how the Java people then got to Africa so quickly.

在一段时期内，直立人似乎是地球上惟一的人属。他们特别敢于冒险，似乎以极快的速度迁移到世界各地。完全根据发现的化石来看，直立人中的一部分大约在他们离开非洲的同一时期，甚至是稍早一段时间，就已到达爪哇。一些科学家据此认为，也许现代人类是从亚洲而不是非洲起源的——这种说法且不说是脱离实际的，也是不可思议的，因为在非洲大陆之外，没有任何地方发现过比直立人更早的古代人种。可以说，除非亚洲的人科动物是自发出现的。但无论如何，亚洲起源只会将直立人的迁移方向颠倒过来，你依然不得不解释爪哇人是怎样迅速跑到非洲去的。

1 skulls   

颅骨( skull的名词复数 )； 脑袋； 脑子； 脑瓜

参考例句：

• One of the women's skulls found exceeds in capacity that of the average man of today. 现已发现的女性颅骨中，其中有一个的脑容量超过了今天的普通男子。
• We could make a whole plain white with skulls in the moonlight! 我们便能令月光下的平原变白，遍布白色的骷髅！

2 lobe   

n.耳垂，（肺，肝等的）叶

参考例句：

• Tiny electrical sensors are placed on your scalp and on each ear lobe.小电器传感器放置在您的头皮和对每个耳垂。
• The frontal lobe of the brain is responsible for controlling movement.大脑前叶的功能是控制行动。

3 chimps   

（非洲）黑猩猩( chimp的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Chimps are too scarce, and too nearly human, to be routinely slaughtered for spare parts. 黑猩猩又太少，也太接近于人类，不可以作为人器官备用件说杀就杀。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 医学的第四次革命
• And as nonprimates, they provoke fewer ethical and safety-related concerns than chimps or baboons. 而且作为非灵长类，就不会产生像用黑猩猩或狒狒那样的伦理和安全方面的顾虑。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 医学的第四次革命

4 spinal   

adj.针的，尖刺的，尖刺状突起的；adj.脊骨的，脊髓的

参考例句：

• After three days in Japan,the spinal column becomes extraordinarily flexible.在日本三天，就已经使脊椎骨变得富有弹性了。
• Your spinal column is made up of 24 movable vertebrae.你的脊柱由24个活动的脊椎骨构成。

5 complexity   

n.复杂(性)，复杂的事物

参考例句：

• Only now did he understand the full complexity of the problem.直到现在他才明白这一问题的全部复杂性。
• The complexity of the road map puzzled me.错综复杂的公路图把我搞糊涂了。

6 notably   

adv.值得注意地，显著地，尤其地，特别地

参考例句：

• Many students were absent,notably the monitor.许多学生缺席，特别是连班长也没来。
• A notably short,silver-haired man,he plays basketball with his staff several times a week.他个子明显较为矮小，一头银发，每周都会和他的员工一起打几次篮球。

7 adventurous   

adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的　

参考例句：

• I was filled with envy at their adventurous lifestyle.我很羨慕他们敢于冒险的生活方式。
• He was predestined to lead an adventurous life.他注定要过冒险的生活。

8 literally   

adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实

参考例句：

• He translated the passage literally.他逐字逐句地翻译这段文字。
• Sometimes she would not sit down till she was literally faint.有时候，她不走到真正要昏厥了，决不肯坐下来。

9 remarkable   

adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的

参考例句：

• She has made remarkable headway in her writing skills.她在写作技巧方面有了长足进步。
• These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。

10 miraculous   

adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的

参考例句：

• The wounded man made a miraculous recovery.伤员奇迹般地痊愈了。
• They won a miraculous victory over much stronger enemy.他们战胜了远比自己强大的敌人，赢得了非凡的胜利。

11 precursor   

n.先驱者；前辈；前任；预兆；先兆

参考例句：

• Error is often the precursor of what is correct.错误常常是正确的先导。
• He said that the deal should not be seen as a precursor to a merger.他说该笔交易不应该被看作是合并的前兆。