万物简史 第644期:永不安分的类人猿(8)

Quite who they were and what they were like remain matters of disagreement and uncertainty¹. Right up until the middle of the twentieth century the accepted anthropological² view of the Neandertal was that he was dim, stooped, shuffling³, and simian⁴—the quintessential caveman. It was only a painful accident that prodded⁵ scientists to reconsider this view. In 1947, while doing fieldwork in the Sahara, a Franco-Algerian paleontologist named Camille Arambourg took refuge from the midday sun under the wing of his light airplane. As he sat there, a tire burst from the heat, and the plane tipped suddenly, striking him a painful blow on the upper body. Later in Paris he went for an X-ray of his neck, and noticed that his own vertebrae were aligned⁶ exactly like those of the stooped and hulking Neandertal. Either he was physiologically⁷ primitive⁸ or Neandertal's posture⁹ had been misdescribed. In fact, it was the latter. Neandertal vertebrae were not simian at all. It changed utterly¹⁰ how we viewed Neandertals—but only some of the time, it appears.

他们究竟是谁，长得像什么样，至今依然莫衷一是，谜团一片。直到20世纪中叶，人类学界普遍流行的观点是，尼安德特人举止笨拙，身体弯曲，拖拽着脚行走，与猿人没有多大区别——他们是穴居人中的佼佼者。只是一件令入痛苦的偶然事件，才使得科学家对这一观点遗行了重新审视。 1947年，一位名为卡尔·阿拉姆卡尔的法裔阿尔及利亚古生物学家在撒哈拉地区野外考察时，中午烈日炎炎，他躲在他的轻型飞机的机翼下休息。他坐在那里的时候，一只轮胎由于天气太热而爆裂，飞机突然倾斜，他的上身被重重地击了—下。后来他取巴黎对他颈部做了一次X光检查，结果发现脊椎的排列与身体微屈，举止笨拙的尼安德特人完全一样。要么从生理学角度讲他类同于原始人，要么就是我们对尼安德特人样子的认识存在着偏差。答案自然是后者。尼安德特人的脊椎完全不同于类人猿。这完全改变了我们对尼安德特人的看法——但是这种认识似乎只是昙花一现。

It is still commonly held that Neandertals lacked the intelligence or fiber¹¹ to compete on equal terms with the continent's slender and more cerebrally¹² nimble newcomers, Homo sapiens. Here is a typical comment from a recent book: "Modern humans neutralized¹³ this advantage [the Neandertal's considerably¹⁴ heartier¹⁵ physique] with better clothing, better fires and better shelter; meanwhile the Neandertals were stuck with an oversize body that required more food to sustain." In other words, the very factors that had allowed them to survive successfully for a hundred thousand years suddenly became an insuperable handicap.

时至今日，仍有不少人认为尼安德特人缺少智能，与更灵巧、脑量更大的后来者智人不可同日而语。下面就是最近出版的一本书中一个典型的论点：“现代人以更舒适的穿着，更先进的取火方式，更好的住所，战胜了这种优势（尼安德特人的强壮体格），而尼安德特人处境尴尬，庞大的身躯需要更多的食物维持生存。”换句话说，使得他们成功生存了10万多年的优势突然之间成了难以克服的不利条件。

1 uncertainty   

n.易变，靠不住，不确知，不确定的事物

参考例句：

• Her comments will add to the uncertainty of the situation.她的批评将会使局势更加不稳定。
• After six weeks of uncertainty,the strain was beginning to take its toll.6个星期的忐忑不安后，压力开始产生影响了。

2 anthropological   

adj.人类学的

参考例句：

• These facts of responsibility are an anthropological datums- varied and multiform. 这些道德事实是一种人类学资料——性质不同，形式各异。 来自哲学部分
• It is the most difficult of all anthropological data on which to "draw" the old Negro. 在所有的人类学资料中，最困难的事莫过于“刻划”古代的黑人。 来自辞典例句

3 shuffling   

adj. 慢慢移动的, 滑移的 动词shuffle的现在分词形式

参考例句：

• Don't go shuffling along as if you were dead. 别像个死人似地拖着脚走。 来自英汉文学 - 嘉莉妹妹
• Some one was shuffling by on the sidewalk. 外面的人行道上有人拖着脚走过。 来自英汉文学 - 嘉莉妹妹

4 simian   

adj.似猿猴的；n.类人猿，猴

参考例句：

• Ada had a wrinkled,simian face.埃达有一张布满皱纹、长得像猿猴的脸。
• Curiosity is the taproot of an intellectual life,the most valuable of our simian traits.好奇是高智生命的根源，也是我们类人猿特征中最有价值的部分。

5 prodded   

v.刺，戳( prod的过去式和过去分词 )；刺激；促使；（用手指或尖物）戳

参考例句：

• She prodded him in the ribs to wake him up. 她用手指杵他的肋部把他叫醒。
• He prodded at the plate of fish with his fork. 他拿叉子戳弄着那盘鱼。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 aligned   

adj.对齐的，均衡的

参考例句：

• Make sure the shelf is aligned with the top of the cupboard.务必使搁架与橱柜顶端对齐。

7 physiologically   

ad.生理上，在生理学上

参考例句：

• Therefore, the liver and gallbladder cannot be completely separated physiologically and pathologically. 因此，肝胆在生理和病理上不能完全分离。
• Therefore, the liver and gallbladder are closely related physiologically and pathologically. 因此，肝胆在生理和病理上紧密联系。

8 primitive   

adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物

参考例句：

• It is a primitive instinct to flee a place of danger.逃离危险的地方是一种原始本能。
• His book describes the march of the civilization of a primitive society.他的著作描述了一个原始社会的开化过程。

9 posture   

n.姿势，姿态，心态，态度；v.作出某种姿势

参考例句：

• The government adopted an uncompromising posture on the issue of independence.政府在独立这一问题上采取了毫不妥协的态度。
• He tore off his coat and assumed a fighting posture.他脱掉上衣，摆出一副打架的架势。

10 utterly   

adv.完全地，绝对地

参考例句：

• Utterly devoted to the people,he gave his life in saving his patients.他忠于人民，把毕生精力用于挽救患者的生命。
• I was utterly ravished by the way she smiled.她的微笑使我完全陶醉了。

11 fiber   

n.纤维，纤维质

参考例句：

• The basic structural unit of yarn is the fiber.纤维是纱的基本结构单元。
• The material must be free of fiber clumps.这种材料必须无纤维块。

12 cerebrally   

参考例句：

• Results Of 18 newborn rats 88.89% were infected by BDV inoculation intra-cerebrally. 结果病毒接种后新生大鼠的BDV感染阳性率为88·89%。 来自互联网

13 neutralized   

v.使失效( neutralize的过去式和过去分词 )；抵消；中和；使（一个国家）中立化

参考例句：

• Acidity in soil can be neutralized by spreading lime on it. 土壤的酸性可以通过在它上面撒石灰来中和。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• This strategy effectively neutralized what the Conservatives had hoped would be a vote-winner. 这一策略有效地冲淡了保守党希望在选举中获胜的心态。 来自《简明英汉词典》

14 considerably   

adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上

参考例句：

• The economic situation has changed considerably.经济形势已发生了相当大的变化。
• The gap has narrowed considerably.分歧大大缩小了。

15 heartier   

亲切的( hearty的比较级 )； 热诚的； 健壮的； 精神饱满的

参考例句：

• Another and heartier smile illumined her rough face, and from that moment we were friends. 另一个更加真诚的微笑照亮了她那粗糙的脸；从那时起，我们就成了朋友。
• My ideas received a far heartier and were much more appreciated in the corporate world. 劳林本人就是从学术界转到了企业界。