走进剑桥大学 第18期:克里克和沃森

 The Secret of Life in the Pub

克里克和沃森[qh]The names of James Watson and Francis Crick are bound together forever because the scientific discovery they made was truly a joint¹ enterprise，Watson and Crick were the first to describe the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA², the molecule³ that carries our genes⁴ and determines everything from the color of our eyes to the shape of our fingernails. Even though Watson and Crick's collaboration⁵ lasted only a few years, their achievement was huge enough to tie their names together forever in the history of science and to establish a firm footing for what was then a radical⁶ new branch of science: molecular⁷ biology. In doing so，they paved the way for the early detection of genetic⁸ diseases such as sickle-cell anemia⁹, and for new scientific leaps such as animal cloning.

詹姆斯沃森和弗朗西斯克里克这两个名字永远联系在了一起，因为他们取得的重大科学发现是两人共同的事业。沃森和克里克是第一次向世人描述脱氧核糖核酸或DNA结构的两位科学家。DNA这种分子携带着人类的基因并决定着从眼珠的颜色到 手指甲形状的人身上的一切部位。尽管沃森和克里克的合作仅持续几年，两人取得的成就之大足以令他们名垂科学史。他们还为分子生物学的发展打下了坚实的基础，而那时的分子生物学只是门新兴学科。两人的发现为诸如镰状细胞性贫血等遗传疾病的早期诊断和诸如动物克隆等的新科学飞跃铺平了道路。

Francis Harry¹⁰ Compton Crick was born on 8 June 1916 near Northampton. He studied physics at University College of London, and during World Wax Two he worked for the Admiralty Research Laboratory, from which emerged a group of many notable scientists. He changed from physics to biology and in 1947 began to work at Cambridge University. By 1949，he was working at the Medical Research Council unit at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. In 1951, an American student，James Watson, arrived at the unit and the two began to work together

1916年6月8日，弗朗西斯哈里康普顿克里克出生于北安普敦附近。他在伦敦大学学院学习物理。二战期间，克里克为英国海军研究实验室工作，那里涌现出了很多知名的科学家。后来他从物理系转到生物系并于1947年开始在剑桥大学工作。1949年，克里克开始在剑桥大学卡文迪什实验室的医学研究中心工作。1951年，一位美国学生詹姆斯沃森来到了中心，于是两人开始一起工作。

James Dewey Watson was born on 6 April 1928 in Chicago and studied at the universities of Chicago, Indiana and Copenhagen. He then moved to Cambridge University. Watson and Crick worked together on studying the structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)，the molecule that contains the hereditary¹¹ information for cells.

詹姆斯杜威沃森1928年4月6日出生于芝加哥并先后在芝加哥大学、印第安纳大学和哥本哈根大学学习。后来他去了剑桥大学。沃森和克里克一同致力于DNA结构的研究，DNA (脱氧核糖核酸）是一种携带细胞遗传信息分子。

In April 1953，they published the news of their discovery, a molecular structure of DNA based on the double helix. Their model served to explain how DNA replicates¹² and how hereditary information is coded on it. This set the stage for the rapid advances of molecular biology.

1953年4月，克里克和沃森宣布了他们的发现：DNA的双螺旋结构。他们提供的DNA分子结构模型解释了DNA是怎样复制遗传信息，而遗传信息又是如何在DNA上编码的。这一发现为分子生物学的快速发展创造了条件。

Francis Crick continued to work in genetics and then moved into brain research, becoming a professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in California. He died on 28 July 2004.

弗朗西斯克里克继续自己在遗传学方面的研究，而后转到脑研究，成为美国加州萨克生物研究学院的教授。他于2004年7月28日辞世。

From 1988 to 1992, James Watson directed the Human Genome Project at the American National Institutes of Health. He was Instrumental in obtaining funding for the project and in encouraging cooperation between governments and leading scientists.

从1988年到1992年,詹姆斯沃森指导了美国国家卫生研究院的人类基因组计划。他在为该项目获得资金及鼓励政府和顶尖科学家合作等方面起了重要作用。

1 joint   

adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合

参考例句：

• I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤，肩膀脫臼了。
• We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。

2 DNA   

(缩)deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸

参考例句：

• DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.脱氧核糖核酸储存于细胞的细胞核里。
• Gene mutations are alterations in the DNA code.基因突变是指DNA密码的改变。

3 molecule   

n.分子，克分子

参考例句：

• A molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hygrogen and one atom of oxygen.一个水分子是由P妈̬f婘̬ 妈̬成的。
• This gives us the structural formula of the molecule.这种方式给出了分子的结构式。

4 genes   

n.基因( gene的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因，所以能够活得很长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 生物技术的世纪

5 collaboration   

n.合作，协作；勾结

参考例句：

• The two companies are working in close collaboration each other.这两家公司密切合作。
• He was shot for collaboration with the enemy.他因通敌而被枪毙了。

6 radical   

n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的

参考例句：

• The patient got a radical cure in the hospital.病人在医院得到了根治。
• She is radical in her demands.她的要求十分偏激。

7 molecular   

adj.分子的；克分子的

参考例句：

• The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms.这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。
• For the pressure to become zero, molecular bombardment must cease.当压强趋近于零时，分子的碰撞就停止了。

8 genetic   

adj.遗传的，遗传学的

参考例句：

• It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
• Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。

9 anemia   

n.贫血，贫血症

参考例句：

• The doctors analyzed the blood sample for anemia. 医生们分析了贫血的血样。
• I was put on iron tablets for my anemia.我曾因贫血吃补铁药片。

10 harry   

vt.掠夺，蹂躏，使苦恼

参考例句：

• Today,people feel more hurried and harried.今天，人们感到更加忙碌和苦恼。
• Obama harried business by Healthcare Reform plan.奥巴马用医改掠夺了商界。

11 hereditary   

adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的

参考例句：

• The Queen of England is a hereditary ruler.英国女王是世袭的统治者。
• In men,hair loss is hereditary.男性脱发属于遗传。

12 replicates   

复制( replicate的第三人称单数 )； 重复； 再造； 再生

参考例句：

• The bluetongue virus replicates in the insect. 蓝舌病病毒在这种昆虫体内繁殖。
• The chameleon's skin replicates the pattern of its surroundings. 变色龙的皮肤可随环境的模式而改变颜色。