词汇大师(Wordmaster)--Grammar Lady: Listener Mail

AA: I'm Avi Arditti with Rosanne Skirble, and this week on Wordmaster -- we answer some listener mail, starting with this question sent by e-mail from Siva Kumar in Madras, in Tamil Nadu, India.

RS: "Dear Avi and Rosanne, I would like to know the opposite of postpone¹."

TAPE: CUT -- BRUDER

"In American English there isn't a direct opposite. We'd have to use a phrase like 'move up' or 'advance the date' or something like that."

AA: Linguist² and author Mary Newton Bruder, at grammarlady-dot-com, speaking to us on her grammar advice hotline in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

RS: Sivakumar in India may be familiar with a local term for the opposite of "postpone." That is "prepone" -- but so far "prepone" has yet to advance its way into American English!

AA: The next question we put to Grammar Lady Mary Newton Bruder is from Radha, a high school student in Pune, India: "Here is a question regarding punctuation³. What is the difference between these two sentences: 'kill him not, comma, leave him" and 'kill him, comma, not leave him."

TAPE: CUT -- BRUDER/SKIRBLE

BRUDER: "I've heard this explained as 'a comma can kill a man.'"

RS: "A comma can kill a man. OK, go on."

BRUDER: "So if you put it in after 'kill him,' that's exactly what the directive is, to kill someone. But if you put it after 'not,' it changes the meaning entirely⁴ to 'don't kill him' -- 'kill him not, leave him.' Don't kill him, leave him alone."

AA: Now, Rosanne, does "kill him not" even sound like Modern English?

RS: "Not" should come after an auxiliary⁵ or helping⁶ verb and not after the main verb in a sentence. So, for instance, "fear not" becomes "do not fear" ... unless you're going for style.

AA: Next for Grammar Lady -- a question from Manuela in Berlin. She would like to know if the sentence "I'll come round at six" is British English. She says, "I guess in American English it has to be 'around,' doesn't it?"

RS: Well, we talked about this with Mary Newton Bruder.

TAPE: CUT -- ARDITTI/BRUDER

AA: "When I first saw this, I thought, OK, 'I'll come around at six' means I'll come around to your way of thinking, or ... "

RS: "... I'll wake up."

AA: "to come around means if you're unconscious, you come around, you wake up. It seems like a speaker of American English would be more likely to say 'I'll come around six,' meaning a few minutes before, a few minutes after."

BRUDER: "Yeah, right, meaning to stop by. It's not a common American phrase, to 'come around.'"

RS: Now a question from Meng Chun-Quan at Xi'an University of Science & Technology in Shaanxi, China. "Dear friends of the Wordmaster team: After the deadly terrorist attack in New York and Washington on September eleventh, I've heard VOA News Now refer many times to the site of the destroyed World Trade Center as the ground zero. Could you please tell me the meaning of [ground zero.]"

AA: For an explanation, we called Stephen Schwartz in Chicago. He's publisher of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.

TAPE: CUT -- SCHWARTZ/ARDITTI (: 58)

SCHWARTZ: "Ground zero in nuclear terminology⁷ refers to the point on the surface of land where either directly above or directly below which a nuclear weapon detonates."

AA: "How did that term come about?"

SCHWARTZ: "My guess is that during World War Two and probably before, people used 'zero' in the sense of like 'zero hour' to refer to when an operation might start, for example, and my supposition is that when the scientists were getting ready to test the first atomic bomb out in New Mexico in 1945, that after that test occurred, they had to figure out where they were going -- 'let's go out and visit the site where the test took place' -- and somebody obviously coined the term ground zero to refer to the point at which basically everything occurred."

RS: But, as Steve Schwartz notes the meaning of "ground zero" has grown over the years.

TAPE: CUT -- SCHWARTZ/ARDITTI

"The other definition which ground zero has sort of transformed into is the, one could say, the center or origin of rapid, intense or violent activity or change -- which obviously not only describes a nuclear explosion, but any sort of massive, cataclysmic event such as the attack and collapse⁸ of the World Trade Center."

AA: "And it also has a third meaning, doesn't it, some people use it in place of 'square one' -- 'we're going to start this project here at ground zero and move from there.'"

SCHWARTZ: "Right, and there it would have more of a positive connotation."

RS: Stephen Schwartz, publisher of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.

AA: If you have a question for us, send it to [email protected] or VOA Wordmaster, Washington DC 20237 USA. With Rosanne Skirble, I'm Avi Arditti.

1 postpone   

v.延期，推迟

参考例句：

• I shall postpone making a decision till I learn full particulars.在未获悉详情之前我得从缓作出决定。
• She decided to postpone the converastion for that evening.她决定当天晚上把谈话搁一搁。

2 linguist   

n.语言学家；精通数种外国语言者

参考例句：

• I used to be a linguist till I become a writer.过去我是个语言学家，后来成了作家。
• Professor Cui has a high reputation as a linguist.崔教授作为语言学家名声很高。

3 punctuation   

n.标点符号，标点法

参考例句：

• My son's punctuation is terrible.我儿子的标点符号很糟糕。
• A piece of writing without any punctuation is difficult to understand.一篇没有任何标点符号的文章是很难懂的。

4 entirely   

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
• His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。

5 auxiliary   

adj.辅助的，备用的

参考例句：

• I work in an auxiliary unit.我在一家附属单位工作。
• The hospital has an auxiliary power system in case of blackout.这家医院装有备用发电系统以防灯火管制。

6 helping   

n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的

参考例句：

• The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
• By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。

7 terminology   

n.术语；专有名词

参考例句：

• He particularly criticized the terminology in the document.他特别批评了文件中使用的术语。
• The article uses rather specialized musical terminology.这篇文章用了相当专业的音乐术语。

8 collapse   

vi.累倒；昏倒；倒塌；塌陷

参考例句：

• The country's economy is on the verge of collapse.国家的经济已到了崩溃的边缘。
• The engineer made a complete diagnosis of the bridge's collapse.工程师对桥的倒塌做了一次彻底的调查分析。