词汇大师-- Exploring 'Myths and Misconceptions'

　　AA: I'm Avi Arditti with Rosanne Skirble, and this week on WORDMASTER: we're back with Pat O'Conner, co-author of the new book "Origins of the Specious¹: Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language."
RS: For instance, consider English's lack of -- as she puts it -- "an all-purpose male-female singular-plural² pronoun." As a result, people often use "they" instead of "he" or "she" to avoid sounding sexist. The rules tell us to use "they" only in plural situations. But Pat O'Conner says this has not always been so.

　　PAT O'CONNER: "A lot of people think that since time immemorial, 'he' has been the acceptable default pronoun -- 'he' alone for whether you're talking about a man or a woman. And this actually isn't true.
"This convention was invented in the mid³ seventeen hundreds by, interestingly enough, a female grammarian, Anne Fisher, the first female grammarian. And she was bothered because people had been using 'they' as a default pronoun for both singular and plural. People had been doing this since the thirteen hundreds."
RS: "As you did research for this book and looked at the trends and the words, did you see anything that would describe or illuminate⁴ the American character? I mean, were there any surprises to you?"
PAT O'CONNER: "Yeah, there were -- quite a few. I think a lot of Americans are more than a bit apologetic about their language. They assume that British English is somehow purer or better than American English. And the truth is that at the time the colonies divided from England, the two Englishes were pretty much alike, naturally.
"The English that was preserved here in the United States preserved a lot of the characteristics of British English of the eighteenth century that the British have since lost, including the original accents. For instance, the British didn't start dropping their r's until about the late seventeen nineties into the early eighteen hundreds. So, a lot of people who ask me 'When did Americans lose their British accents?' are very surprised to find that we never had them. In fact, if anything, the British lost their American accents."
AA: We asked Pat O'Conner about some other common misconceptions.
PAT O'CONNER: "This is a pretty minor⁵ one, but a lot of Americans think that the word caesarean -- for caesarean section -- comes from Julius Caesar because he was born by caesarean section. That actually isn't true. He could not have been, because his mother, Aurelia, survived him at least until he was in his forties."
AA: "Meaning back then she would have died."
PAT O'CONNER: "One hundred B.C. There is no record of -- "
RS: "A caesarean."
PAT O'CONNER: "Anyone surviving a caesarean."
AA: "So why is the procedure called a caesarean section?"
PAT O'CONNER: "It probably comes from the Latin word caeso (KYE-zoh), meaning a cut, or the verb is caedere, to cut.
"Another one is that the expression 'rule of thumb,' many people believe that this expression is a reference to an old English common law that allowed a husband to beat his wife with a rod or stick no thicker than his thumb. It's complete myth. For one thing, there never was any such law either in English or American law. And, two, the expression 'rule of thumb' dates back to at least the sixteen hundreds when it was simply a reference to the old practice of using parts of the body as rough units of measure.
"For instance, the adult male foot is a foot long. That's where we get the word 'foot' for the measurement. The thumb was about an inch wide at the knuckle⁶. That was considered a 'thumb's breadth.' And a 'rule of thumb' meant any practice that's just done as a rough estimation. That was called a rule of thumb. That was in the language for a long time before any such claim was made about domestic abuse. In fact, it wasn't linked with that expression until nineteen seventy."
AA: You can learn about other myths and misconceptions of the English language in the new book "Origins of the Specious" by Pat O'Conner and her husband Stewart Kellerman.
RS: You can find the first part of our interview at voanews.com/wordmaster. And that's WORDMASTER for this week. With Avi Arditti, I'm Rosanne Skirble.

1 specious   

adj.似是而非的；adv.似是而非地

参考例句：

• Such talk is actually specious and groundless.这些话实际上毫无根据，似是而非的。
• It is unlikely that the Duke was convinced by such specious arguments.公爵不太可能相信这种似是而非的论点。

2 plural   

n.复数；复数形式；adj.复数的

参考例句：

• Most plural nouns in English end in's '.英语的复数名词多以s结尾。
• Here you should use plural pronoun.这里你应该用复数代词。

3 mid   

adj.中央的，中间的

参考例句：

• Our mid-term exam is pending.我们就要期中考试了。
• He switched over to teaching in mid-career.他在而立之年转入教学工作。

4 illuminate   

vt.照亮，照明；用灯光装饰；说明，阐释

参考例句：

• Dreams kindle a flame to illuminate our dark roads.梦想点燃火炬照亮我们黑暗的道路。
• They use games and drawings to illuminate their subject.他们用游戏和图画来阐明他们的主题。

5 minor   

adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修

参考例句：

• The young actor was given a minor part in the new play.年轻的男演员在这出新戏里被分派担任一个小角色。
• I gave him a minor share of my wealth.我把小部分财产给了他。

6 knuckle   

n.指节；vi.开始努力工作；屈服，认输

参考例句：

• They refused to knuckle under to any pressure.他们拒不屈从任何压力。
• You'll really have to knuckle down if you want to pass the examination.如果想通过考试，你确实应专心学习。