西方会计英语Unit one Fundamentals of accountin

[00:04.65]Text 1.1    What is accountin
[00:09.06]Accounting¹ contains elements both of science and ar
[00:13.61]The important thing is that it is not merely a collection of arithmetical techniques but a set of complex processes depending on and prepared for peopl
[00:25.31]The human aspect,which many people ,especially accountants, forget ,arises becaus
[00:31.45]1.Most accounting reports of any significance depend,to a greater or lesser³ extent ,on people's opinions and estimate
[00:40.75]2.Accounting reports are prepared in order to help people make decision
[00:46.39]3.Accounting reports are based on activities which have been carried out by peopl
[00:53.00]But what specially² is accounting? It is very difficult to find a pithy⁴ definition that is all-inclusive but we can say that accounting is concerned wit
[01:03.79]The provision of information in financial terms that will help in decisions concerning resource allocatio
[01:10.74]and the preparation of reports in financial terms describing the effects of past resource allocation decision
[01:18.26]Example of resource allocation decisions ar
[01:21.74]Should an investor⁵ buy or sell share
[01:24.66]Should a bank manager lend money to a fir
[01:27.80]How much tax should a company pa
[01:30.49]Which collective farm should get the extra tracto
[01:34.20]As you can see, accounting is needed in any society requiring resource allocation and its usefulness is not confined to 'capitalist'or 'mixed'economie
[01:44.25]An accountant is concerned with the provision and interpretation⁶ of financial informatio
[01:49.77]He does not, as an accoutant, make decision
[01:53.21]Many accountants do of course get directly involved in decision making but when they do they are perfoming a different functio
[02:00.40]Accounting is also concerned with reporting on the effects of past decision
[02:05.52]But one should consider whether this is done for its own sake or whether it is done in order to provide information which it is hoped will prove helpful in current and future decision
[02:16.78]We contend that knowledge of the past is relevant only if it can be used to help in making current and future decisions
[02:24.61]for we can hope that we shall be able to influence the future by making appropriate decisions but we cannot redo the pas
[02:33.08]Thus the measurement of past results is a subsidiary role, but because of the historical development of accounting and
[02:40.81]perhaps, because of the limitations of the present state of the art ,'backward looking'accounting sometimes appears to be an end in itself and not as a means that will help in achieving a more fundamental objectiv
[02:54.16]Text 1.2        The accounting equati
[02:58.23]Accounting is at least the second oldest profession in the world
[03:01.66]But while earlier professionals rapidly got to grips with basic techniques and even introduced refinement⁷
[03:07.74]it is remarkable⁸ that generations of tax collectors and merchants staggered on for thousands of years before finding a satisfactory general method of keeping a record of their affair
[03:18.11]This should serve as a warnin
[03:20.15]The problem is common sense but the answer is not.
[03:24.38]It is highly contrived⁹ and in some respects still imperfect.
[03:28.51]It begins with a particular way of looking at a business which we present in the next section.
[03:33.42]A business may be pictured as a box.The box has contents and by virue of owning the box, the owner has a claim on the contents.
[03:42.41]Others also may have a claim on the contents,by virtue¹⁰ of having lent money to the business or of having supplied goods or services to the business or of having supplied goods or services to the business for which they have not yet been paid
[03:53.09]These are the creditors¹¹ of the busines
[03:55.47]As the business buys and sells goods and services,so the value of the contents of the box will increase or decrease,depending on whether the business makes a profit or a los
[04:05.84]These changes in value of contents must be equalled by changes in value of claims on content
[04:12.76]Specifically the claims of the owners will vary so that the total value to claims is always equal to the value of the content
[04:21.51]Now we may list the value of the contents of the business box at any time,say down the left side of a piece of pape
[04:28.75]On the right side we may list the value of claims on those contents
[04:33.06]The claims of third party creditors will be know
[04:36.24]The claims of the owners will amount to whatever is necessary to make the total value of claims equal to the total value of content
[04:44.50]Such a list of contents(on the left) balanced by a list of claims (on the right),constitutes a simple balance shee
[04:52.88]A balance sheet is a presentation of the state of affairs of a business in a succinct,systematic and recognizable forma
[05:00.09]Restating the original theory ,with the picture of the business as a box ,we can writ¹²
[05:05.63]$ contents = $ claims on conten
[05:10.80]In accounting terms ,this becom
[05:13.29]1.Assets = equity¹³ + liabileti
[05:18.59]Where asserts are simply what is held in the business, equity is the claim of the owners,and liabilities are the claims of third partie
[05:28.44]By transferring liabilities to the side of the equation we may writ
[05:33.40]assets - liabilities = equi
[05:37.76]or using a technical term            2.Net assets = Equi
[05:45.08]Finally we may split equity into the capital originally put into the business and reserve
[05:51.45]Reserves represent profits which have been reserved or kept in the business.The equation now become
[05:59.55]3.Net Assets = capital + reserv
[06:05.71]1,2 and 3 above are forms of the fundamental accounting equatio

1 accounting   

n.会计，会计学，借贷对照表

参考例句：

• A job fell vacant in the accounting department.财会部出现了一个空缺。
• There's an accounting error in this entry.这笔账目里有差错。

2 specially   

adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地

参考例句：

• They are specially packaged so that they stack easily.它们经过特别包装以便于堆放。
• The machine was designed specially for demolishing old buildings.这种机器是专为拆毁旧楼房而设计的。

3 lesser   

adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地

参考例句：

• Kept some of the lesser players out.不让那些次要的球员参加联赛。
• She has also been affected,but to a lesser degree.她也受到波及，但程度较轻。

4 pithy   

adj.(讲话或文章)简练的

参考例句：

• Many of them made a point of praising the film's pithy dialogue.他们中很多人特别赞扬了影片精炼的对白。
• His pithy comments knocked the bottom out of my argument.他精辟的评论驳倒了我的论点。

5 investor   

n.投资者，投资人

参考例句：

• My nephew is a cautious investor.我侄子是个小心谨慎的投资者。
• The investor believes that his investment will pay off handsomely soon.这个投资者相信他的投资不久会有相当大的收益。

6 interpretation   

n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理

参考例句：

• His statement admits of one interpretation only.他的话只有一种解释。
• Analysis and interpretation is a very personal thing.分析与说明是个很主观的事情。

7 refinement   

n.文雅；高尚；精美；精制；精炼

参考例句：

• Sally is a woman of great refinement and beauty. 莎莉是个温文尔雅又很漂亮的女士。
• Good manners and correct speech are marks of refinement.彬彬有礼和谈吐得体是文雅的标志。

8 remarkable   

adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的

参考例句：

• She has made remarkable headway in her writing skills.她在写作技巧方面有了长足进步。
• These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。

9 contrived   

adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的

参考例句：

• There was nothing contrived or calculated about what he said.他说的话里没有任何蓄意捏造的成分。
• The plot seems contrived.情节看起来不真实。

10 virtue   

n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力

参考例句：

• He was considered to be a paragon of virtue.他被认为是品德尽善尽美的典范。
• You need to decorate your mind with virtue.你应该用德行美化心灵。

11 creditors   

n.债权人，债主( creditor的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• They agreed to repay their creditors over a period of three years. 他们同意3年内向债主还清欠款。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Creditors could obtain a writ for the arrest of their debtors. 债权人可以获得逮捕债务人的令状。 来自《简明英汉词典》

12 writ   

n.命令状，书面命令

参考例句：

• This is a copy of a writ I received this morning.这是今早我收到的书面命令副本。
• You shouldn't treat the newspapers as if they were Holy Writ. 你不应该把报上说的话奉若神明。

13 equity   

n.公正，公平，（无固定利息的）股票

参考例句：

• They shared the work of the house with equity.他们公平地分担家务。
• To capture his equity,Murphy must either sell or refinance.要获得资产净值，墨菲必须出售或者重新融资。