有声英文阅读-电视中的暴力内容是怎样影响孩子们的

How TV violence Affects Kids
电视中的暴力内容是怎样影响孩子们的

     For more than a quarter of a century, evidence has been increasing that children's exposure to violence on television has long-lasting effects on their behavior. Between 1982 and 1986, the amount of television time allocated¹ each week to violent programs increased significantly. And the number of violent acts on television in the past years has increased from about 19 to 27 per hour. Given the amount of time that children watch television, it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow.
     The Position Statement on Media Violence in Children's Lives, recently adopted by the National Association for the Education of Yong Children, points out that preschool children are particularly easily affected² by the media because they are not yet fully³ able to distinguish fantasy from reality and their understanding of the underlying⁴ motives⁵ for behavior and the subtleties⁶ of moral conflicts is not yet well developed. For example, the rapid recoveries of people on TV from violent attacks give children an unrealistic picture of the injuries that have been suffered.
     Effects on Play
     Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs. And with these toys, their play tends to be more imitative than imaginative. Children simply imitate the behavior observed during the program, thus undermining both the imaginative and the expressive⁷ functions of play. The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television jeopardizes⁸ the role of play in helping⁹ children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world. Some research even suggests that children apply the behaviors observed on TV programs to their real-life situations.
     Parents Can Help
     It is a good idea for parents to monitor the amount as well as the kind of television their preschool child watches. If your child appears to be crazy about war play and weapons, it would be a good idea to control his viewing. Controlling viewing is easier to do during the preschool years than during the school years, so you should initiate¹⁰ a pattern of restricted television watching now.
     Help your child to interpret what she sees - to think of explanations for the events depicted¹¹ and to imagine how the show is put together. Make simple critiques of a show without implying that her fascination¹² with the drama and the weapons makes her guilty by association.
     Ask the teachers of your child's preschool about their policy on war play and toy weapons. Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially made toy weapons brought into the classroom and welcome hearing your concerns about this matter. Look for other parents who share your views. Work together to control the amount of violent programs watched and the number of violent toys found in the home. Try to arrange play dates for the children as an alternative to TV viewing. Or look for videos of healthy, nonviolent programs for children, and encourage their use as an attractive alternative to violent television programs.

        在最近这四分之一世纪还多的时间里，出现了越来越多的证据，那就是把电视上的暴力内容暴露在孩子们的面前，对孩子们的行为产生了深远的影响。在1982-1986年间，每周电视花在暴力节目上的播出时间总数有了惊人的增长。每小时在电视上播出的暴力节目上的播出时间总数有了惊人的增长。每小时在电视播出的暴行的次数在过去这些年中由19次增加到27次。从孩子们看电视总共所花的时间这一角度来看，暴行已经成为孩子们想要模仿的最具有偶像性质的行为之一。
     最近全国幼儿教育委员会在公布的《关于传播媒介中的暴力内容在獐生活中的影响的声明》中指出，学龄前的儿童特别容易受到传播媒介的影响，因为他们不能把虚构的东西跟现实生活区别开来，因为他们还不能充分理解某一行为的潜在的动机，还不能充分了解道德情操上的冲突的复杂性。例如：在电视上人们受到暴力袭击之后很快就痊愈了，这让孩子们对伤者所受的折磨痛苦有一种不真实的理解。
     对玩耍产生的影响
     当然，孩子们经常很想要这些节目中出现的那些玩具，很想要在那些节目中间穿插的广告上的玩具。孩子们只是单纯模仿在节目进行中所观察到的动作行为，因而既不能挖掘出或体会出这一电视剧令人深思的地方，也不能理解这一电视剧的感动人的地方。电视广告里介绍的大部分与暴力有关的玩具对儿童起不到好作用。这些玩具不能更好地帮助儿童理解自己的感情，也起不到帮助儿童来解释周围世界的作用。一些调查研究的结果表明了，孩子们把他们在电视节目中所看到的一些动作行为应用到他们的现实生活的环境中来了。
     父母或家长应该帮助
     由父母来监控学龄前儿童看电视的时间长短和看哪一类电视片子，这倒是个好主意。如果你觉得你的孩子狂热地喜欢看战争题材的电视剧，醉心于玩弄武器，那么控制他看电视倒是个好主意。在学龄彰控制儿童看电视比起上学以后再去控制他要容易一些，所以现在你应开始实行一套严格控制儿童看电视的规矩。
     设法让你的孩子来解释她看到的事物（原文如此：由"他"转换成"她"--译者著）--即让她对电视中所描述的种种事件想出一些解释的方法，还要让她想象出来这个节目是怎样拼凑编辑到一起的。对电视演出节目作一些简短的评论，不必暗示要让她通过联想使她因迷恋电视剧和武器而感到内疚。
     向你的孩子所在的学前班的教师们就对待战争片和玩具武器的办法征询一下意见。很多学前班的老师们都不喜欢把以商业为目的制造的玩具武器带进教室来，他们很喜欢聆听你对此事的关心所发表的意见。去找一些跟您有共同观点共同看法的其他一些家长。大家共同协作去控制孩子们所看的暴力节目的时间，去控制在家中所发现的暴力玩具的件数。尽量设法给孩子们安排几次到一起玩的聚会，用这种儿童聚会来代替看电视。或者去找一些供儿童看的健康的非暴力节目的录像带，鼓励孩子们用这些很有吸引力的节目去代替那些暴力的电视节目。

1 allocated   

adj. 分配的 动词allocate的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• The Ford Foundation allocated millions of dollars for cancer research. 福特基金会拨款数百万美元用于癌症研究。
• More funds will now be allocated to charitable organizations. 现在会拨更多的资金给慈善组织。

2 affected   

adj.不自然的，假装的

参考例句：

• She showed an affected interest in our subject.她假装对我们的课题感到兴趣。
• His manners are affected.他的态度不自然。

3 fully   

adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地

参考例句：

• The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气，然后全部呼出。
• They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。

4 underlying   

adj.在下面的，含蓄的，潜在的

参考例句：

• The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小说隐含的主题是十分严肃的。
• This word has its underlying meaning.这个单词有它潜在的含义。

5 motives   

n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• to impeach sb's motives 怀疑某人的动机
• His motives are unclear. 他的用意不明。

6 subtleties   

细微( subtlety的名词复数 )； 精细； 巧妙； 细微的差别等

参考例句：

• I think the translator missed some of the subtleties of the original. 我认为译者漏掉了原著中一些微妙之处。
• They are uneducated in the financial subtleties of credit transfer. 他们缺乏有关信用转让在金融方面微妙作用的知识。

7 expressive   

adj.表现的，表达…的，富于表情的

参考例句：

• Black English can be more expressive than standard English.黑人所使用的英语可能比正式英语更有表现力。
• He had a mobile,expressive,animated face.他有一张多变的，富于表情的，生动活泼的脸。

8 jeopardizes   

危及，损害( jeopardize的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• If your reckless behavior jeopardizes this mission, you're out! 如果你不注意你的言行，会危及到这次任务你也会被开除！
• Factionalism now seriously jeopardizes our overall interest. 现在闹派性已经严重地妨害我们的大局。

9 helping   

n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的

参考例句：

• The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
• By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。

10 initiate   

vt.开始，创始，发动；启蒙，使入门；引入

参考例句：

• A language teacher should initiate pupils into the elements of grammar.语言老师应该把基本语法教给学生。
• They wanted to initiate a discussion on economics.他们想启动一次经济学讨论。

11 depicted   

描绘，描画( depict的过去式和过去分词 )； 描述

参考例句：

• Other animals were depicted on the periphery of the group. 其他动物在群像的外围加以修饰。
• They depicted the thrilling situation to us in great detail. 他们向我们详细地描述了那激动人心的场面。

12 fascination   

n.令人着迷的事物，魅力，迷恋

参考例句：

• He had a deep fascination with all forms of transport.他对所有的运输工具都很着迷。
• His letters have been a source of fascination to a wide audience.广大观众一直迷恋于他的来信。