财会实务-资产负债表相关介绍(英)

 

    什么是资产负债表？

    The purpose of a Balance Sheet is to report the financial position of a company at a certain point in time. It is divided into two columns. The first lists what the company owns (assets) on the left. The second shows what the company owes (liabilities and net worth) on the right. At the bottom of each list is the total of that column. As the name implies, the bottom line of the balance sheet must always "balance." In other words, the total assets are equal to the total liabilities plus the net worth.

    The particular elements of a balance sheet may vary significantly from day to day. Over time, these "snapshots" of a company, taken on a year-end or monthly basis, can reveal important information about the ability of the company to satisfy its creditors¹, manage inventory², and collect its receivables.

    Another way to look at the balance sheet is in terms of the "sources" and "uses" of cash. Liabilities and net worth are sources of cash. They represent debt owed to creditors who have supplied cash or its equivalent. Assets are a use of cash. The company uses cash to purchase assets in order to make a profit.

Balance Sheet
Owns	Owes
Use of Cash	Source of Cash
Assets which are the most like cash	Obligations which must be paid to keep creditors happy
Assets which will turn into cash within one year	Obligations which will be due and payable3 within one year
Assets which may never mature into cash	Obligations which are the least nervous and never due
Total Assets	Liabilities & Net Worth

    Understanding the sources and uses of cash is critical to the survival and growth of a small business. Creditors (sources of cash) must be kept happy because they supply the inventory (use of cash) which is sold by the company to make a profit.

    Current assets are those assets which will mature into cash during the next twelve months. They are a measure of the liquidity⁴ of a company, which is the amount of time it takes for an asset to be converted into cash.

    This time period is referred to as the Operating Cycle. In other words, a company begins with cash, purchases inventory with the cash, sells the inventory which creates a receivable, and then collects the receivable which generates the cash. The cash is then used to purchase additional inventory and the cycle begins again. In terms of liquidity, cash is the highest quality current asset and inventory is the lowest quality. Whereas cash is immediately available to pay obligations, inventory must be converted into cash (through the operating cycle), before it is available to pay bills.

    建立资产负债表

    When constructing a balance sheet, assets and liabilities are listed in a specific order. Assets are listed in descending⁵ order with cash and assets most like cash first.

    Liabilities are also listed in descending order with those obligations which are due soonest listed first. Current liabilities are those liabilities which must be paid within the next twelve months. Those liabilities which may never come due and payable (i.e., subordinated officer debt) are listed last. Liabilities are creditors who have provided cash to the company. They must be paid in a timely manner in order to keep them as sources of cash. For example, the company purchases inventory (use of cash) and an account payable (source of cash) is created with the supplier. The payable should be kept current so that the supplier will provide additional inventory in the future.

    资本净值

    Net worth simply represents the owner's investment in the company. It is treated the same as a liability in that both creditors and owners are a source of cash for the company. The owner's investment, however, is an obligation which may never have to be repaid. A positive net worth demonstrates that the owners have a financial commitment to the company that is subordinate to all other creditors.

    Sample Balance Sheet

    重要概念

    Current Assets: those assets which mature into cash in one year or less (CA).

    Accounts Receivable: dollars due from customers as a result of selling inventory or services on terms which allow for delivery prior to the payment of cash. The transaction exists as a receivable on the balance sheet until cash is collected from the customer (A/R).

    Inventory: the goods and materials a company sells to make a profit. Inventory exists in three forms: raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods. In the process of selling inventory, either cash is received or an account receivable is created (INV).

    Prepaid Expenses: when cash is used to purchase a good or service, the benefits of which will be realized or received within the current year (12 months).

    Fixed⁶ Assets: physical assets which have life in excess of one year. This includes land, buildings, machinery⁷, equipment, furniture/fixtures, and leasehold⁸ improvements (FA).

    Net Fixed Assets: Also known as the book value, the net fixed asset is calculated as the purchase price of the asset (gross fixed asset) less the accumulated depreciation⁹ (the sum of the annual amounts charged for the "wearing out" of the asset) (NFA).

    Notes Receivable: a loan made by the company which is evidenced by a promissory note (N/R).

    Intangibles: assets which have no physical properties or "set" values. Examples of intangibles include patents, research and development, and goodwill¹⁰ (INT).

    Current Liabilities: what the company "owes" which must be paid within one year (CL).

    Note Payable Bank: obligations evidenced by a promissory note from the bank which have maturity¹¹ dates of less than one year (N/P).

    Accounts Payable: amounts due to suppliers who have provided inventory to the company (A/P).

    Accruals: obligations owed but not yet billed (ACCR).

    Current Portion of Long-Term Debt: the portion of a long-term loan (principal only) which is due within the next 12 months (CDTD).

    Long Term Debt: the portion of a term loan which does not have to be paid within the next year.

    Subordinated Officer Debt: Cash the officers have invested in the company which is subordinated to any bank financing the company has received.

    Net Worth: The owner's investment or "equity¹²" in the company which may be either "purchased" or "earned." Purchased equity consists of preferred stock, common stock, and capital surplus. Simply put, the net worth is the difference between the assets and liabilities of a company (NW).

    Retained Earnings¹³: another term for earned equity; represents the profits of a company which have been reinvested within the business.

    Treasury¹⁴ Stock: This is created when the company purchases its own stock from a stockholder.

1 creditors   

n.债权人，债主( creditor的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• They agreed to repay their creditors over a period of three years. 他们同意3年内向债主还清欠款。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Creditors could obtain a writ for the arrest of their debtors. 债权人可以获得逮捕债务人的令状。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 inventory   

n.详细目录，存货清单

参考例句：

• Some stores inventory their stock once a week.有些商店每周清点存货一次。
• We will need to call on our supplier to get more inventory.我们必须请供应商送来更多存货。

3 payable   

adj.可付的，应付的，有利益的

参考例句：

• This check is payable on demand.这是一张见票即付的支票。
• No tax is payable on these earnings.这些收入不须交税。

4 liquidity   

n.流动性，偿债能力，流动资产

参考例句：

• The bank has progressively increased its liquidity.银行逐渐地增加其流动资产。
• The demand for and the supply of credit is closely linked to changes in liquidity.信用的供求和流动资金的变化有密切关系。

5 descending   

n. 下行 adj. 下降的

参考例句：

• The results are expressed in descending numerical order . 结果按数字降序列出。
• The climbers stopped to orient themselves before descending the mountain. 登山者先停下来确定所在的位置，然后再下山。

6 fixed   

adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的

参考例句：

• Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗？
• Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定，我们就不应该随意改变。

7 machinery   

n.(总称)机械，机器；机构

参考例句：

• Has the machinery been put up ready for the broadcast?广播器材安装完毕了吗？
• Machinery ought to be well maintained all the time.机器应该随时注意维护。

8 leasehold   

n.租赁，租约，租赁权，租赁期，adj.租(来)的

参考例句：

• This paper discusses the land leasehold institution of China in four parts.本文论述了我国的土地批租制度及其改革。
• Absolute title also exists to leasehold land,giving the proprietor a guaranteed valid lease.租借土地也享有绝对所有权，它给予物主一个有担保的有效租借权。

9 depreciation   

n.价值低落，贬值，蔑视，贬低

参考例句：

• She can't bear the depreciation of the enemy.她受不了敌人的蹂躏。
• They wrote off 500 for depreciation of machinery.他们注销了500镑作为机器折旧费。

10 goodwill   

n.善意，亲善，信誉，声誉

参考例句：

• His heart is full of goodwill to all men.他心里对所有人都充满着爱心。
• We paid ￡10,000 for the shop,and ￡2000 for its goodwill.我们用一万英镑买下了这家商店，两千英镑买下了它的信誉。

11 maturity   

n.成熟；完成；(支票、债券等)到期

参考例句：

• These plants ought to reach maturity after five years.这些植物五年后就该长成了。
• This is the period at which the body attains maturity.这是身体发育成熟的时期。

12 equity   

n.公正，公平，（无固定利息的）股票

参考例句：

• They shared the work of the house with equity.他们公平地分担家务。
• To capture his equity,Murphy must either sell or refinance.要获得资产净值，墨菲必须出售或者重新融资。

13 earnings   

n.工资收人；利润，利益，所得

参考例句：

• That old man lives on the earnings of his daughter.那个老人靠他女儿的收入维持生活。
• Last year there was a 20% decrease in his earnings.去年他的收入减少了20%。

14 treasury   

n.宝库；国库，金库；文库

参考例句：

• The Treasury was opposed in principle to the proposals.财政部原则上反对这些提案。
• This book is a treasury of useful information.这本书是有价值的信息宝库。