爱情的科学－这些愚蠢的玩意儿

These foolish things / 这些愚蠢的玩意儿

Of course, love is about more than just genes¹. Cultural and social factors, and learning, play big roles. Who and how a person has loved in the past are important determinants of his (or her) capacity to fall in love at any given moment in the future. This is because animals—people included—learn from their sexual and social experiences. Arousal comes naturally. But long-term success in mating requires a change from being naive² about this state to knowing the precise factors that lead from arousal to the rewards of sex, love and attachment³. For some humans, this may involve flowers, chocolate and sweet words. But these things are learnt.

当然，爱情不止与基因有关。文化社会因素和后天的学习在其中也扮演着重要的角色。一个人曾经爱过谁？如何爱过？对他(她)将来任何时刻的相爱能力都是决定性的因素，因为动物（包括人类）能从他们的性和社会经验中进行学习。性唤醒可本能地产生，但长期而成功的配偶关系，却需要一个对爱情各种精确因素从无知到熟悉的改变过程，这个过程包括由性唤醒而导致性行为、爱和附属关系产生对大脑的奖赏。对于一些人来说，这可能包括鲜花、巧克力和甜言蜜语：这些都是可以学会的。

If humans become conditioned by their experiences, this may be the reason why some people tend to date the same “type” of partner over and over again. Researchers think humans develop a “love map” as they grow up—a blueprint⁴ that contains the many things that they have learnt are attractive. This inner scorecard is something that people use to rate the suitability of mates. Yet the idea that humans are actually born with a particular type of “soul mate” wired into their desires is wrong. Research on the choices of partner made by identical twins suggests that the development of love maps takes time, and has a strong random⁵ component⁶.

人类常常会囿于自身的经验，因此某些人总喜欢一再地和相同“类型”伴侣约会。研究人员认为，随着人们年龄的增长，他们会在大脑内发展一个“爱情地图”——一个包含许多人们已经熟悉的、魅力事物的蓝图。这个内部记分卡是人们用于评价配偶适合度的依据。认为特定类型的“精神伴侣”与欲望的内在联系是与生俱来，这种想法是错误的。对同卵双胞胎择偶的研究表明，爱情地图的发展需要时间，而且有很强的随机成份。

Work on rats is leading researchers such as Dr Pfaus to wonder whether the template of features found attractive by an individual is formed during a critical period of sexual-behaviour development. He says that even in animals that are not supposed to pair-bond, such as rats, these features may get fixed⁷ with the experience of sexual reward. Rats can be conditioned to prefer particular types of partner—for example by pairing sexual reward with some kind of cue, such as lemon-scented members of the opposite sex. This work may help the understanding of unusual sexual preferences. Human fetishes, for example, develop early, and are almost impossible to change. The fetishist connects objects such as feet, shoes, stuffed toys and even balloons, that have a visual association with childhood sexual experiences, to sexual gratification.

针对家鼠的研究工作使Pfaus博士等研究人员力图查明：具有异性魅力的特征模板，是不是在性行为发展的关键时期形成的？他认为，即使在没有伴侣连接习性的动物当中——如家鼠——这些特征仍可能通过性奖赏的经验固定下来。家鼠能条件反射地偏爱特别类型的伴侣。举例来说，性奖赏同时伴随着某种提示条件，比如具有柠檬气息的异性。这项工作也许有助于对异常的性偏爱的理解。例如，人类的恋物情结发展于早期，而且几乎是不可改变。恋物癖者会把童年时期在视觉上和性经验关联的物体与性满足连接起来，诸如脚、鞋子、布玩具甚至气球等。

So love, in all its glory, is just, it seems, a chemical state with genetic⁸ roots and environmental influences. But all this work leads to other questions. If scientists can make a more sociable⁹ mouse, might it be possible to create a more sociable human? And what about a more loving one? A few people even think that “paradise-engineering”, dedicated¹⁰ to abolishing the “biological substrates of human suffering”, is rather a good idea.

因此，关于爱的所有光彩之处，看上去只不过是具有遗传基础和受环境影响的一种化学状态。与此相关，这儿涉及的一切还将导致更多其他的问题。如果科学家能制造一只社会性更强的老鼠，那么他们是否可能产生一个社会性更强的人呢？创造一个更惹人喜爱的人，其结果又将如何？一些人甚至认为致力于废除“人类受难的生物学基体”的“天堂工程”，是一个非常不错的主意。

1 genes   

n.基因( gene的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因，所以能够活得很长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 生物技术的世纪

2 naive   

adj.幼稚的，轻信的；天真的

参考例句：

• It's naive of you to believe he'll do what he says.相信他会言行一致，你未免太单纯了。
• Don't be naive.The matter is not so simple.你别傻乎乎的。事情没有那么简单。

3 attachment   

n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附

参考例句：

• She has a great attachment to her sister.她十分依恋她的姐姐。
• She's on attachment to the Ministry of Defense.她现在隶属于国防部。

4 blueprint   

n.蓝图，设计图，计划；vt.制成蓝图，计划

参考例句：

• All the machine parts on a blueprint must answer each other.设计图上所有的机器部件都应互相配合。
• The documents contain a blueprint for a nuclear device.文件内附有一张核装置的设计蓝图。

5 random   

adj.随机的；任意的；n.偶然的(或随便的)行动

参考例句：

• The list is arranged in a random order.名单排列不分先后。
• On random inspection the meat was found to be bad.经抽查，发现肉变质了。

6 component   

n.组成部分，成分，元件；adj.组成的，合成的

参考例句：

• Each component is carefully checked before assembly.每个零件在装配前都经过仔细检查。
• Blade and handle are the component parts of a knife.刀身和刀柄是一把刀的组成部分。

7 fixed   

adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的

参考例句：

• Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗？
• Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定，我们就不应该随意改变。

8 genetic   

adj.遗传的，遗传学的

参考例句：

• It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
• Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。

9 sociable   

adj.好交际的，友好的，合群的

参考例句：

• Roger is a very sociable person.罗杰是个非常好交际的人。
• Some children have more sociable personalities than others.有些孩子比其他孩子更善于交际。

10 dedicated   

adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的

参考例句：

• He dedicated his life to the cause of education.他献身于教育事业。
• His whole energies are dedicated to improve the design.他的全部精力都放在改进这项设计上了。